Table 4.

Associations of High Uric Acid Level (>7 mg/dL) With Smoking Status and Alcohol Intake

	Cases	OR1a	(95% CI)	OR2b	(95% CI)
Smoking
Never	203	1.00		1.00
Ex-smoker	79	1.16	0.84–1.62	1.09	0.78–1.53
Current smoker	714	0.75	0.61–0.92	0.79	0.64–0.98
Smoking status
Never smoker	203	1.00		1.00
Ex-smoker	79	1.16	0.84–1.62	1.09	0.78–1.53
>0–10 cigarettes/day	186	0.72	0.56–0.92	0.77	0.60–0.99
>10–20	420	0.77	0.62–0.96	0.82	0.66–1.03
>20	108	0.71	0.52–0.95	0.71	0.53–0.97
Alcohol intake
Never	516	1.00		1.00
<1 drink/day	62	1.22	0.89–1.67	1.25	0.91–1.71
1 to <3 drink/day	199	1.36	1.11–1.66	1.35	1.10–1.65
≥3 drink/day	178	2.10	1.68–2.62	2.12	1.68–2.66
Winec
None	635	1.00		1.00
<1 drink/day	118	1.08	0.86–1.37	1.10	0.87–1.40
1 to <3 drink/day	142	1.38	1.10–1.73	1.40	1.10–1.77
≥3 drink/day	60	1.89	1.33–2.67	1.85	1.30–2.63
Beer
None	709	1.00		1.00
<1 drink/day	163	1.14	0.93–1.40	1.16	0.94–1.43
1 to <3 drink/day	58	1.32	0.95–1.83	1.38	0.99–1.93
≥3 drink/day	25	3.08	1.76–5.36	3.50	1.99–6.17
Liquor
None	832	1.00		1.00
<1 drink/day	30	1.33	0.85–2.09	1.25	0.79–1.96
1 to <3 drink/day	45	1.31	0.91–1.89	1.27	0.88–1.84
≥3 drink/day	48	1.55	1.08–2.24	1.43	0.98–2.08

^aOR1: Adjusted for age, kcal/day, physical activity, smoking, education level, income level, occupation, hypertension medicine, hypertension, and pre-existing CVD. In the case of individual types of alcoholic beverages, each type was adjusted for all other types.

^bOR2: All of the above, plus BMI and WHR.

^cWine: grape wine and rice wine combined.

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; CVD, cardiovascular disease; BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist-to-hip ratio.