Chemical structures of small molecules discussed in this manuscript. A, PPi. B, PFA (foscarnet). C, dGTP. D, acyclo-GTP. As is required of other nucleoside analog inhibitors, the viral thymidine kinases converts the nucleoside into the monophosphorylated form (acyclo-GMP), which is further phosphorylated into the active triphosphate (acyclo-GTP) by other cellular kinases.