Figure 2.

Proposed model time kinetics of host defense revealing. Rapid phagocytosis of invading pathogens, mediated by toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent pathway (B24), is followed by a slower TLR4 TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF)-dependent activation of autophagy. Autophagosomes encapsulate infected phagosomes before fusing with lysosomes. This leads to the effective removal of the sequestered pathogen after fusion with the lytic vesicles.