Sex differences in the effects of treadmill training on axon regeneration in cut peripheral nerves. In each graph, average median axon profile lengths, expressed as a percentage of untrained controls (±SEM, N=4 for each), are shown. The horizontal dashed line at 1.0 indicates the length of regenerating axons in untrained controls. A. If mice are trained using a continuous training paradigm, enhancement is found only in males and not females or castrated males. B. If mice are exercised at intervals, enhanced regeneration is found only in females, not in males or castrated males.