Fig. 1.

A. signaling lipid pathway. PA can be generated via hydrolysis of PC or cardiolipin by PLD or MitoPLD, respectively. Once generated, the PA can be converted to DAG by Lipid Phosphatases (e.g. Lipin) or to LPA by PLA2 (phospholipase A2). B. Cartoon schematic of mammalian PLDs. PX domain (PHOX domain) and PH domain (Pleckstrin domain) mediate protein and lipid binding; HKD domain (HxKxxxxD, x is any amino acid)defines and mediates the catalytic reaction; PIP₂ binding domain; Loop domain in PLD1 may function in autoinhibition of PLD1 activity; TM (transmembrane domain) is found in MitoPLD and functions to anchor the protein into the outer surface of mitochondria; RGV domain is enriched in basic amino acids that may interact with membrane surfaces or partner proteins.