Representative psychometric functions in the first experiment for one subject. (A) Representative results for the crowded condition, in which the adaptation Gabors had a contrast modulation depth of 0.31. Positive values along the abscissa indicate that the Gabors were misaligned in the direction of adaptation (positive values therefore indicate the presence of an aftereffect). The subject’s PSE for this condition was 0.15°, χ2(1) = 48.6, p < .001. (B) Representative results for the noncrowded condition, in which the adaptation Gabors are presented, but no other crowders were present. The format is the same as in Panel A. The contrast modulation depth of the adapting Gabors was 0.58. The PSE for this condition was 0.123°, χ2(1) = 8.02, p < .01.