Table 2a.
Behavioral factors associated with HIV testing among men in Soweto, South Africa (N=1539)
| Behavioral variables | Proportion reporting HIV testing | Unadjusted odds ratio, OR (95% CI); p-value | Adjusted odds ratio, AOR (95% CI); p- value*** | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes, % (N=444) | No, % (N=1095) | |||
| Ever used alcohol | ||||
| Yes | 83.8 | 79.4 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No | 16.2 | 20.6 | 0.75 (0.56–1.00); 0.050 | 0.78 (0.57–1.06); 0.113 |
|
| ||||
| Ever used drugs | ||||
| Yes | 25.2 | 23.1 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No | 74.8 | 76.9 | 0.89 (0.69–1.15); 0.386 | 0.83 (0.63–1.09); 0.199 |
|
| ||||
| Ever had vaginal sex | ||||
| No | 5.2 | 12.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 94.8 | 87.1 | 2.71 (1.72–4.27); <0.0001 | 1.71 (1.05–2.76); 0.028 |
|
| ||||
| Ever had anal sex | ||||
| No | 86.0 | 91.3 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 14.0 | 8.7 | 1.71 (1.21–2.40); 0.002 | 1.48 (1.03–2.12); 0.031 |
|
| ||||
| # of lifetime sex partners | ||||
| 0 | 9.2 | 16.2 | 1.00 | |
| 1 | 7.7 | 10.0 | 1.33 (0.80–2.23); 0.271 | 1.21 (0.70–2.07); 0.480 |
| 2–4 | 32.0 | 31.6 | 1.77 (1.20–2.62); 0.004 | 1.43 (0.94–2.16); 0.087 |
| ≥4 | 51.1 | 42.2 | 2.12 (1.46–3.09); <0.001 | 1.46 (0.98–2.18); 0.061 |
|
| ||||
| Had sex in the last 6 months | ||||
| No | 20.2 | 28.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 80.0 | 71.1 | 1.44 (1.22––1.70); <0.0001 | 1.45 (1.11–1.89); 0.006 |
|
| ||||
| Frequency of sex in the last 6 months** | ||||
| 1–2 times month | 30.7 | 35.8 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| More than twice a month | 29.8 | 26.7 | 1.31 (0.93–1.84); 0.117 | 1.11 (0.77–1.58); 0.559 |
| 2–4 times a week | 29.5 | 30.0 | 1.14 (0.82–1.60); 0.419 | 0.89 (0.62–1.27); 0.530 |
| ≥4 times a week | 10.0 | 7.5 | 1.55 (0.94–2.55); 0.082 | 1.15 (0.68–1.94); 0.586 |
|
| ||||
| # of sex partners in the last 6 months** | ||||
| 1 | 80.0 | 67.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 2 | 11.4 | 17.7 | 0.56 (0.37–0.83); 0.004 | 0.66 (0.44–1.00); 0.055 |
| > 2 | 8.7 | 12.8 | 0.59 (0.37–0.92); 0.023 | 0.68 (0.42–1.09); 0.114 |
|
| ||||
| Condom use in the last 6 months** | ||||
| Inconsistent | 66.9 | 71.4 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Consistent | 32.8 | 28.2 | 1.24 (0.93–1.65); 0.130 | 0.92 (0.67–1.26); 0.629 |
|
| ||||
| Condom use with spouse in the last 1 month** | ||||
| Inconsistent | 89.1 | 95.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Consistent | 10.9 | 4.8 | 2.43 (1.33–4.46); 0.004 | 1.36 (0.48–3.80); 0.557 |
|
| ||||
| Condom use with non-spousal partners in the last 1 month** | ||||
| Inconsistent | 76.6 | 71.4 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Consistent | 23.4 | 28.4 | 0.76 (0.52–1.09); 0.146 | 0.70 (0.46–1.04); 0.081 |
|
| ||||
| Forced to have sex in the last 6 months** | ||||
| No | 93.7 | 95.1 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 6.3 | 4.9 | 1.28 (0.73–2.26); 0.377 | 1.33 (0.74–2.38); 0.332 |
|
| ||||
| Ever physically abused by a sex partner | ||||
| No | 94.8 | 96.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 5.2 | 3.8 | 1.37 (0.81–2.30); 0.237 | 1.28 (0.74–2.22); 0.360 |
|
| ||||
| Unwanted sexual experience before age 12 | ||||
| No | 95.3 | 96.2 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 4.7 | 3.8 | 1.25 (0.69–2.18); 0.42 | 0.78 (0.44–1.38); 0.407 |
|
| ||||
| Experienced physical violence before age 12 | ||||
| No | 82.4 | 86.6 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 17.6 | 13.4 | 1.38 (1.01–1.88); 0.0346 | 1.43 (1.04–1.97); 0.025 |
|
| ||||
| Talked to anyone about HIV/AIDS in lifetime | ||||
| No | 5.6 | 16.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 94.4 | 83.1 | 3.40 (2.19–5.48); <0.0001 | 3.39 (2.16–5.30); <0.0001 |
|
| ||||
| Conversations about HIV/AIDS scale | ||||
| None | 16.4 | 30.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Some | 38.3 | 43.3 | 1.61 (1.18–2.19); 0.002 | 1.69 (1.23–2.33); 0.001 |
| Common | 45.3 | 26.8 | 3.08 (2.25–4.20); <0.0001 | 2.61 (1.89–3.61); <0.0001 |
|
| ||||
| Stigma scale | ||||
| Low | 28.7 | 25.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Intermediate | 48.9 | 48.8 | 0.90 (0.69–1.17); 0.446 | 1.02 (0.77–1.35); 0.855 |
| High | 22.4 | 25.3 | 0.80 (0.58–1.09); 0.151 | 0.91 (0.65–1.26); 0.576 |
|
| ||||
| Social norms scale | ||||
| Unfavorable | 31.9 | 27.0 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Intermediate | 58.6 | 63.4 | 0.78 (0.61–1.00); 0.050 | 0.75 (0.58–0.97); 0.030 |
| Favorable | 9.5 | 9.6 | 0.84 (0.56–1.26); 0.395 | 0.80 (0.52–1.24); 0.331 |
|
| ||||
| Heard of antiretroviral treatment | ||||
| Yes | 77.1 | 64.9 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No | 22.9 | 35.0 | 0.55 (0.43–0.71); <0.0001 | 1.65 (1.27–2.16); <0.0001 |
*
Multivariable model adjusted for age, earned income in the last 12 months, primary occupation, socioeconomic status, and marital status
**
Analyzed only on the subset of participants who reported being sexually active in the last 6 months
***
Bolded findings reflect statistically significant results (p<0.05).