Table 6.

Comparison of participants’ ratings of ICRE and its dimensions before and after the application of the empowerment expansion framework (pre- and post-test).

	Pre-Test 2003 N = 120		Post-Test 2005 N = 115		t-value	DF	p
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Empowerment (Total scale)	1.87	0.37	1.82	0.35	3.179	225	0.002 *
Self-efficacy	2.12	0.43	2.07	0.41	2.345	225	0.020 *
Participation	1.70	0.56	1.64	0.52	2.245	225	0.026 *
Intention	2.02	0.54	2.01	0.49	3.192	225	0.002 *
Motivation	1.83	0.56	1.73	0.64	2.173	225	0.031 *
Critical awareness	1.68	0.33	1.62	0.31	1.668	225	0.097

All items rated on a Likert-type five-point scale (1 = ‘strongly agree’—most favourable perception, 5 = ‘strongly disagree’—most unfavourable perception);

^*significant.