TABLE 4.
Effects of treatment on measures of endothelial function (n = 26)1
| EPA+DHA |
P value2 |
||||
| 0 g/d | 0.85 g/d | 3.4 g/d | For treatment effect | For period effect | |
| Reactive hyperemia outcomes from FMD | |||||
| FMD (% change in artery diameter) | 5.00 ± 0.48 | 4.03 ± 0.48 | 4.14 ± 0.48 | 0.11 | 0.73 |
| ΔArtery diameter (mm, peak-base) | 0.24 ± 0.02 | 0.19 ± 0.02 | 0.19 ± 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.80 |
| Peak flow:resting flow3 | 6.28 ± 0.44 | 6.59 ± 0.45 | 6.84 ± 0.44 | 0.55 | 0.001 |
| RHI from EndoPAT | |||||
| RHI | 1.84 ± 0.10 | 1.82 ± 0.10 | 1.86 ± 0.10 | 0.86 | 0.02 |
| Framingham RHI | 0.28 ± 0.06 | 0.27 ± 0.07 | 0.33 ± 0.07 | 0.66 | 0.17 |
| Pulse wave properties and HR from EndoPAT | |||||
| AI | −9.33 ± 1.6 | −9.52 ± 1.6 | −9.25 ± 1.6 | 0.97 | 0.56 |
| AI standardized for HR of 75 bpm | −16.9 ± 1.6 | −17.5 ± 1.5 | −18.1 ± 1.5 | 0.53 | 0.91 |
| Heart rate (beats/min)4 | 62.9 ± 1.6 | 62.7 ± 1.6 | 61.0 ± 1.6 | 0.09 | 0.03 |
| Resting artery diameter and blood flow values (Doppler ultrasound) | |||||
| Artery diameter (mm)5 | 4.83 ± 0.13 | 4.92 ± 0.13 | 4.87 ± 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.005 |
| Velocity time integral (m)5 | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 0.18 ± 0.01 | 0.88 | 0.003 |
| Maximum velocity (m/s) | 0.98 ± 0.06 | 0.95 ± 0.06 | 1.00 ± 0.06 | 0.49 | 0.10 |
| Average flow velocity (m/s)5 | 0.19 ± 0.02 | 0.19 ± 0.02 | 0.20 ± 0.02 | 0.84 | 0.01 |
| Flow (mL/min)5 | 201 ± 17.5 | 207 ± 17.7 | 206 ± 17.5 | 0.94 | 0.0007 |
| Postocclusion artery diameter and blood flow values (Doppler ultrasound) | |||||
| Artery diameter (mm)5 | 5.07 ± 0.13 | 5.10 ± 0.13 | 5.06 ± 0.13 | 0.55 | 0.01 |
| Velocity time integral (m) | 0.97 ± 0.05 | 0.99 ± 0.05 | 1.02 ± 0.05 | 0.45 | 0.43 |
| Maximum velocity (m/s) | 1.76 ± 0.07 | 1.76 ± 0.07 | 1.78 ± 0.07 | 0.83 | 0.22 |
| Average flow velocity (m/s) | 1.02 ± 0.04 | 1.01 ± 0.04 | 1.02 ± 0.04 | 0.83 | 0.57 |
| Flow (mL/min) | 1193 ± 77 | 1219 ± 77 | 1238 ± 77 | 0.68 | 0.47 |
Values are expressed as means ± SEMs. EndoPAT, Itamar Medical Ltd, Caesarea, Israel. RHI, Reactive Hyperemia Index; AI, Augmentation Index; HR, heart rate; FMD, flow-mediated dilation; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid.
P values are for the main effect of treatment and period based on the MIXED procedure with both fixed effects in the model when period effects were significant (version 9.2; SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC). When the period was nonsignificant, it was removed from the model to determine treatment effects. None of the Tukey-adjusted P values for pairwise comparisons for treatment effects were significant (P > 0.05).
First-visit values were significantly greater than visit 2 and visit 3 values (P < 0.005, Tukey-adjusted).
First-visit values were significantly lower than visit 3 values (P = 0.04, Tukey-adjusted).
First-visit values were significantly lower than visit 2 and visit 3 values (P < 0.05, Tukey-adjusted).