IL-4, IL-5, and IFNγ cytokine production from mice given L. sigmodontis vaccination, RPEs with irradiated larvae for two (open bars) or eight weeks (grey bars), both, or sham-vaccination and sham-exposures (Controls). (A) Supernatant measurements of splenocyte production of IL-4, IL-5, and IFNγ in response to parasite antigen (LsAg) or (B) anti-CD3/anti-CD28. (C) Percentages of CD4+IL-4+ and CD4+IFNγ+ spleen cells in response to anti-CD3/anti-CD28. Statistical significant differences between groups were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Dunn’s post-hoc multiple comparisons. Only statistical significant differences between vaccinated and vaccinated + RPE mice are shown (*p<0.05). Timepoints listed are duration of RPEs. Shown are results from two independent experiments (2 week timepoint: RPE n=5, Vaccination n=8, Vaccination + RPE n=8; 8 week timepoint: RPE n=4, Vaccination n=7, Vaccination + RPE n=8).