TABLE 5.

Effect of Selected Variables on Average Hourly Log Wage

	All migrants		Documented migrants		Undocumented migrants
	Spain	USA	Spain	USA	Spain	USA
Region (REF = South America)
Central America	0.109 (0.057)	0.008 (0.072)	0.159 (0.052) **	−0.028 (0.049)	−0.115 (0.128)	0.081 (0.129)
Caribbean	0.030 (0.035)	−0.098 (0.052)	0.032 (0.037)	−0.108 (0.031) **	−0.179 (0.096)	0.076 (0.100)
Demographic background
Age	0.004 (0.005)	0.022 (0.010) *	0.002 (0.006)	0.018 (0.009)	0.022 (0.017)	0.027 (0.012) *
Age squared	0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000) ***	0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000) **
Female	−0.219 (0.017) ***	−0.265 (0.024) ***	−0.223 (0.018) ***	−0.222 (0.041) ***	−0.193 (0.038) ***	−0.293 (0.022) ***
Married	−0.008 (0.038)	0.009 (0.036)	−0.003 (0.049)	−0.067 (0.122)	−0.008 (0.047)	−0.001 (0.036)
Children	0.008 (0.009)	0.025 (0.010) *	0.004 (0.009)	0.058 (0.018) **	0.029 (0.025)	0.018 (0.009)
Human and social capital
Secondary school	0.087 (0.021) ***	0.159 (0.039) ***	0.089 (0.021) ***	0.166 (0.041) ***	0.087 (0.049)	0.134 (0.058) *
Experience years	0.013 (0.002) ***	0.012 (0.002) ***	0.012 (0.002) ***	0.018 (0.003) ***	0.037 (0.008) ***	0.008 (0.002) ***
Parent	−0.015 (0.025)	−0.053 (0.021) *	−0.014 (0.025)	−0.104 (0.052)	0.005 (0.089)	−0.006 (0.027)
Spouse	0.054 (0.049)	0.035 (0.031)	0.043 (0.060)	0.136 (0.123)	0.096 (0.056)	−0.003 (0.031)
Skilled occupation	0.169 (0.026) ***	0.208 (0.045) ***	0.174 (0.028) ***	0.315 (0.057) ***	0.112 (0.069)	0.074 (0.040)
Illegal	−0.116 (0.017) ***	−0.003 (0.025)
Intercept	1.508 (0.104) ***	1.757 (0.224) ***	1.547 (0.105) ***	1.665 (0.190) ***	0.993 (0.288) ***	1.780 (0.313) ***
Pseudo R2	0.20	0.23	0.18	0.30	0.14	0.22
N	2900	1228	2452	492	448	736

Source: New Immigrant Survey (NIS) 2003; Encuesta Nacional de Inmigrantes (ENI) 2007.

Notes:

^*p < 0.05,

^**p < 0.01,

^***p < 0.001, two-tailed.

Standard errors in parentheses.

Bold face type indicates significant difference in coefficients between Spain and U.S. at p < 0.05.