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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Jun 28.
Published in final edited form as: ACS Nano. 2011 Jun 1;5(6):4581–4591. doi: 10.1021/nn200283g

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Immune perturbations of MWCNTs in macrophages. (A) and (B): macrophages were treated with different concentrations of MWCNTs for 24 h and the nitrite concentration (A) and TNF-α (B) in the culture supernatant was analyzed by Griess reaction and ELISA separately. LPS (20 ng/mL) was used as control. (C): reactive oxygen species in macrophages was determined through increases in fluorescence intensity of dichlorofluorescin (DCF) after incubation with MWCNTs for 24 hrs. (D): The lowered mitochondrial membrane potentials elicited by MWCNTs (97.6 μg/mL for MWCNT 1 or 95.9 μg/mL for MWCNT 2, 24 hrs) were measured by JC-1 fluorescence. Mitochondria depolarization is specifically indicated by a decrease in the red (610±10 nm) to green (525±10 nm) fluorescence intensity ratio. The fluorescence was measured by confocal laser scanning microscopy.