Table 3.
Expression Levels (and SD) of Biomarkers in Treated and Untreated Tumors
| Pathway and Localization | Marker | Untreated | Treated | SD Between Patients | SD Within Patients | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proliferation | ||||||
| Epithelial cells | ki67 | 0.1229 | 0.3753 | 0.4017 | 0.4059 | .0322 |
| Apoptosis | ||||||
| Epithelial cells | bcl2 | 0.3713 | 1.1905 | 1.6116 | 1.387 | .076 |
| P53 | 0.2569 | 0.2968 | 0.6964 | 0.4009 | .8345 | |
| Neuroendocrine differentiation | ||||||
| Epithelial cells | Chromogranin | 0.2153 | 0.878 | 1.5373 | 0.9122 | .1205 |
| Synaptophysin | 0.2115 | 0.2632 | 0.7101 | 0.6398 | .7988 | |
| IGF pathway | ||||||
| Epithelial cells | IGF-I | 5.886 | 8.0576 | 2.0296 | 1.9409 | .0004 |
| IGF-IRB | 7.0423 | 3.7132 | 2.2382 | 2.0792 | < .001 | |
| Stromal cells | IGF-I | 0.0716 | 0.1302 | 0.1 | 0.3471 | .1985 |
| IGF-IRB | 1.098 | 0.8596 | 0.5097 | 0.7283 | .1323 | |
| AR signaling | ||||||
| Epithelial cells | Nuclear AR | 8.0269 | 7.6484 | 1.6355 | 2.0728 | .4529 |
| Nuclear pAR | 4.951 | 5.4951 | 3.0589 | 2.0803 | .5227 | |
| Stromal cells | AR | 1.2174 | 2.4065 | 1.0148 | 1.7593 | .0009 |
| pAR | 0.5688 | 0.224 | 0.4844 | 0.6169 | .0199 | |
| Androgen synthesis | ||||||
| Epithelial cells | CYP17 | 6.1911 | 9.5164 | 2.2763 | 1.3346 | < .001 |
| Nuclear SRD5A1 | 2.0913 | 9.7256 | 1.1971 | 0.811 | < .001 | |
| Cytoplasmic SRD5A1 | 4.6126 | 3.6022 | 2.6371 | 2.1421 | .1749 | |
| Stromal cells | CYP17 | 1.9681 | 5.8481 | 1.8947 | 1.6957 | < .001 |
| Nuclear SRD5A1 | 1.4343 | 7.579 | 0.6886 | 1.4322 | < .001 | |
| Cytoplasmic SRD5A1 | 2.1902 | 1.4882 | 0.8689 | 1.0357 | .0072 | |
| Hedgehog pathway | ||||||
| Epithelial cells | Sonic hedgehog | 7.2084 | 8.1113 | 2.1773 | 1.7655 | .145 |
| Patched | 3.2668 | 6.4566 | 2.4571 | 1.8316 | < .001 | |
| Smoothened | 9.0207 | 6.3242 | 1.5433 | 1.8994 | .02 | |
| Nuclear Gli1 | 6.0929 | 8.7449 | 2.6566 | 1.5882 | .0006 | |
| Nuclear Gli2 | 8.5177 | 9.9294 | 1.8614 | 0.5667 | .0064 | |
| Stromal cells | Sonic hedgehog | 1.0862 | 1.0277 | 0.5131 | 0.7557 | .7112 |
| Patched | 7.9661 | 7.3036 | 1.011 | 1.5056 | .0357 | |
| Smoothened | 4.5403 | 3.5715 | 1.8185 | 1.8724 | .0688 | |
| Gli1 | 2.6042 | 4.8577 | 1.6994 | 1.7779 | < .001 | |
| Gli2 | 4.5415 | 7.9119 | 1.4999 | 1.5875 | < .001 | |
| Angiogenesis | ||||||
| Epithelial cells | VEGF | 8.2946 | 5.3617 | 1.9072 | 2.0047 | < .001 |
| Stromal cells | VEGF | 2.6674 | 2.8619 | 1.1734 | 1.6383 | .5841 |
| Stroma | CD31 | 2.3786 | 2.6459 | 0.9542 | 0.8633 | .3274 |
NOTE. The percentage of positively stained cells was recorded on a scale from 0 (lowest) to 10 (highest); details are given in the Appendix (online only). Bold type indicates statistically significant P values after Bonferroni correction.
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; IGF, insulin-like growth factor; IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor I; IGF-IRB, IGF-I receptor B; AR, androgen receptor; pAR, phosphorylated androgen receptor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.