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. 2011 Jun 5;2011:734785. doi: 10.1093/ecam/nep076

Table 1.

Anti-inflammatory effect of topically applied NDGA on TPA-induced morphological changes in skin as measured by number of epidermal layers, leukocyte infiltration and intercellular edema.

Group Observation
No. of epidermal layers Leukocyte infiltration Intercellular edema
I (Ac/Ac) 2-3
II (Ac/TPA) 4–6 +++ +++
III [NDGA [15]/TPA] 3-4 + +
IV [NDGA [25]/TPA] 3-4 +/−
V [NDGA [15]/Ac] 2-3
VI [NDGA [25]/Ac] 2-3

Leukocytes infiltration and intensity of edema are indicated by slight (+), moderate (++), severe (+++), equivocal (+/−) while (−) indicates absence of any significant change. Ac: acetone; NDGA: nordihydroguaiaretic acid; TPA: 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate.