Table 3. Associations between maternal use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) during the three exposure windows and selected birth defects.a .
| No NSAID used (n = 64,074) | NSAID used in gestational weeks 0–4 (n = 1,607) | NSAID used in gestational weeks 5–8 (n = 1,329) | NSAID used in gestational weeks 9–12 (n = 1,422) | ||||||
| Birth defect | Subcategory 1 | Subcategory 2 | n | n | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)b | n | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)c | n | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)d |
| No major birth defects | 62,344 | 1,561 | Reference | 1,290 | Reference | 1,383 | Reference | ||
| All selected birth defects | 615 | 10 | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | 12 | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | 10 | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | ||
| Neural tube defects | 17 | 1 | – | 0 | – | 1 | – | ||
| Congenital heart defects | 415 | 9 | 0.9 (0.5–1.8)e | 11 | 1.0 (0.5–2.0) | 8 | 0.9 (0.4–1.8)f | ||
| Conotruncal heart defects | 36 | 1 | – | 1 | – | 2 | – | ||
| Septal defects | 394 | 8 | 0.9 (0.4–1.7)e | 10 | 0.9 (0.4–1.9) | 6 | 0.7 (0.3–1.6)f | ||
| Ventricular septal defect | 278 | 6 | 0.9 (0.4–2.0)e | 6 | 1.1 (0.5–2.5)g | 2 | – | ||
| Atrial septal defect | 148 | 3 | 0.8 (0.3–2.7)h | 5 | 1.6 (0.7–3.9)i | 4 | 1.2 (0.4–3.3)f | ||
| Orofacial clefts | 133 | 0 | – | 0 | – | 1 | – | ||
| Anorectal malformations | 15 | 0 | – | 1 | – | 0 | – | ||
Data from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study, 1999–2006. Infants with multiple selected birth defects were included in all relevant outcome categories. Adjusted analyses were performed if at least three exposed cases were available.
Adjusted for maternal age at delivery, education, parity, history of miscarriages, stillbirths, or induced abortions, prepregnancy body-mass index, folic acid use, and fever.
Adjusted for maternal age at delivery, education, parity, history of miscarriages, stillbirths, or induced abortions, prepregnancy body-mass index, folic acid use, fever, and smoking.
Adjusted for maternal age at delivery, parity, prepregnancy body-mass index, folic acid use, and fever.
Adjusted for maternal age at delivery, education, parity, history of miscarriages, stillbirths, or induced abortions, prepregnancy body-mass index, and folic acid use.
Adjusted for maternal age at delivery, parity, prepregnancy body-mass index, and folic acid use.
Adjusted for maternal age at delivery, education, parity, history of miscarriages, stillbirths, or induced abortions, folic acid use, fever, and smoking.
Adjusted for maternal age at delivery, education, parity, prepregnancy body-mass index, and folic acid use.
Adjusted for maternal age at delivery, parity, prepregnancy body-mass index, folic acid use, and smoking.