Table 4. Secondary analyses of the risk of selected birth defects among infants with exposure to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in gestational weeks 0–12.a .
| Any selected birth defect | Congenital heart defect | Septal defects | ||||||
| NSAID exposure | Subcategory | Total n | n (%) | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)b | n (%) | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)b | n (%) | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)b |
| None | 64,074 | 615 (1.0) | Reference | 415 (0.6) | Reference | 394 (0.6) | Reference | |
| Non-selective NSAIDs | 2,964 | 23 (0.8) | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) | 20 (0.7) | 0.9 (0.5–1.5) | 18 (0.6) | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) | |
| Acetic acid derivatives | 189 | 1 (0.5) | – | 1 (0.5) | – | 1 (0.5) | – | |
| Diclofenac | 169 | 1 (0.6) | – | 1 (0.6) | – | 1 (0.6) | – | |
| Propionic acid derivatives | 2,425 | 19 (0.8) | 0.7 (0.4–1.2)c | 16 (0.7) | 0.8 (0.5–1.4) | 14 (0.6) | 0.7 (0.4–1.3) | |
| Ibuprofen | 2,276 | 19 (0.8) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3)c | 16 (0.7) | 0.9 (0.5–1.5) | 14 (0.6) | 0.7 (0.4–1.4) | |
| Naproxen | 166 | 0 (0.0) | – | 0 (0.0) | – | 0 (0.0) | – | |
| Aspirin | 307 | 3 (1.0) | 1.1 (0.4–3.5)d | 3 (1.0) | 1.6 (0.5–5.2)d | 3 (1.0) | 1.7 (0.6–5.4)d | |
| Multiple NSAIDs | 86 | 2 (2.3) | – | 2 (2.3) | – | 2 (2.3) | – | |
a
Data from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study, 1999–2006. Infants with multiple selected birth defects were included in all relevant outcome categories. Adjusted analyses were performed if at least three exposed cases were available.
b
Adjusted for maternal age at delivery, education, parity, history of miscarriages, stillbirths, or induced abortions, prepregnancy body-mass index, folic acid use, fever, and smoking.
c
Adjusted for maternal age at delivery, education, parity, history of miscarriages, stillbirths, or induced abortions, folic acid use, fever, and smoking.
d
Adjusted for maternal age at delivery, education, parity, prepregnancy body-mass index, and folic acid use.