| Peptide | Source | Mass (dal) | Structure (in non-polar environment) | Net charge (at neutral pH) | Mechanism | Trypanocidal activity1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PC | BSF | ||||||
| Attacin (15)2 | Tsetse fat body, proventriculus (14), hemolymph(19) | 18,500 | Random (α-helix) (53) | +2 | Plasma membrane permeabilization | 0.075 μM | 0.3 μM |
| Defensin | Tsetse fat body, proventriculus(14), hemolymph(19) | 3601 | β-sheet | +3 | Plasma membrane permeabilization | N.D.3 | N.D. |
| Diptericin (13) | Tsetse midgut, fat body, proventriculus(14) | 8200 | Random (54) | +4 | Plasma membrane permeabilization | 10 μM | N.D. |
| Cecropin (19) | Tsetse hemolymph | 4952 | α-helix (55) | +4 | Plasma membrane permeabilization | N.D. | N.D. |
| Stomoxyn (29) | S. calcitrans midgut | 4415 | Random (α-helix) | +6 | Plasma membrane permeabilization | >>113 μM | 37 μM |
| β-defensin-1 (12) | Human epithelium (33) | 3936 | β-sheet (56) | +5 | Plasma membrane permeabilization | > 50 μM (17.8)4 | > 50 μM (25.3)4 |
| β-defensin-2 (12) | Human epithelium, keratinocytes (57) | 4391 | β-sheet (58) | +6 | Plasma membrane permeabilization | > 50 μM (33.1)4 | > 50 μM (18.6)4 |
| Cryptin-4 (α-defensin) (12) | Mouse Paneth cells (59) | 3762 | β-sheet (60) | +8 | Plasma membrane permeabilization | > 50 μM (29.6)4 | N. A.5 |
| LL-37 (36) | Human neutrophils (61) | 4493 | α-helix (62) | +6 | Plasma membrane permeabilization | 4.5 μM | 1.7 μM |
| SMAP-29 (12) | Ovine myeloids(63) | 3199 | α-helix(64) | +9 | Plasma membrane permeabilization | < 50 μM (95.0)4 | < 50 μM (71.5)4 |
| Novispirin (12) | SMAP-29 derivative (65) | 2207 | α-helix | +7 | Plasma membrane permeabilization | < 50 μM (81.3)4 | ~ 50 μM |
| Ovispirin (12) | SMAP-29 derivative | 2263 | α-helix | +7 | Plasma membrane permeabilization | < 50 μM (86.3)4 | < 50 uM (68.5)4 |
| Protegrin-1 (12) | Porcine leukocytes(66) | 2207 | β-hairpin(67) | +6 | Plasma membrane permeabilization | < 50 μM (95.2)4 | < 50 μM (39.4)4 |
| OaBAC-5-mini (36) | Sheep (36) | 3006 | α-helix | +8 | Plasma membrane permeabilization | 51.6 μM | 44.9 μM |
| Indolicidin (36) | Bovine neutrophils (68) | 1908 | α-helix (69) | +3 | Plasma membrane permeabilization | 15.7 μM | 5.2 μM |
| BAC-CN (36) | Bovine neutrophils (70) | 1486 | γ-turn (70) | +4 | Plasma membrane permeabilization | 11.8 μM | 47.1 μM |
| BMAP-27 (36) | Bovine myeloids (71) | 3283 | α-helix | +10 | Plasma membrane permeabilization | 1.5 μM | < 0.3 μM |
| BMAP-18 (44) | BMAP-27 derivative | 2343 | α-helix | +10 | Plasma membrane permeabilization | 5.1 μM | 3.4 μM |
| TP10 (42) | Shortened transportan analog (43) | 2183 | α-helix | +4 | Plasma membrane permeabilization, GTPase inhibition | N.D. | 2.7 μM |
| Pleurocidin (36) | Winter flounder skin secretions | 2711 | α-helix | +4 | Plasma membrane permeabilization | 27.7 μM | 3.7 μM |
| CP-26 (36) | Cecropin/mellitin hybrid | 2862 | α-helix | +7 | Plasma membrane permeabilization | 17.5 μM | 1.7 μM |
| V681 (36) | Cecropin/mellitin hybrid | 2921 | α-helix | +6 | Plasma membrane permeabilization | 5.1 μM | < 1.7 μM |
| Nonamer peptide A (D-amino acids) (21) | Insect defensin based | 1202 | β-sheet | +4 | Plasma membrane permeabilization | 31.3 μM7 | 4.7 μM, 205 μM6,7 (116 μM) |
| Nonamer peptide B (D-amino acids) (21) | Insect defensin based | 1195 | β-sheet | +5 | Plasma membrane permeabilization | N.D. | 500 μM6,7 (90 μM) |
| Nonamer peptide C (D-amino acids) (21) | Insect defensin based | 1130 | β-sheet | +3 | Plasma membrane permeabilization | N.D. | 125 μM6,7 (95 μM) |
| Nonamer peptide D (D-amino acids) (21) | Insect defensin based | 1151 | β-sheet | +4 | Plasma membrane permeabilization | N.D. | 325 μM6,7 (80 μM) |
| Nonamer peptide E (D-amino acids) (21) | Insect defensin based | 901 | β-sheet | +1 | Plasma membrane permeabilization | N.D. | N.D.6,7 (>500 μM) |
| Leucinostatin A (20) | Soil fungi, Paecilomyces sp. | 1217 | α-helix | Inhibit ATP synthesis, plasma membrane permeabilization | N.D. | 6.4 nM7 | |
| Leucinostatin B (20) | Soil fungi, Paecilomyces sp. | 1203 | α-helix | Inhibit ATP synthesis, plasma membrane permeabilization | N.D. | 6.9 nM7 | |
| Alamethicin I (20) | Trichoderma viride | 1964 | α-helix | Plasma membrane permeabilization | N.D | 86.6 nM7 | |
| Tsushimycin (20) | Streptomyces | 308 | Acylated cyclic peptide | Inhibits dolichol-phosphate-sugar synthesis, membrane interaction | N.D. | 3.5 μM7 | |
| Vasoactive intestinal peptide (23) | Human gut, pancreas and hypothalmus | 3327 | α-helical | +3 | Endosomal/lysosomal membrane disruption | N.A. | 2.8 μM |
| Adrenomedullin (23) | Many human tissues | 5727 | α-helical | +5 | Endosomal/lysosomal membrane disruption | N.A. | 1.8 μM |
| α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (23) | Human pituitary | 1624 | α-helical | +1 | Endosomal/lysosomal membrane disruption | N.A. | 8.9 μM |
| Urocortin (23) | Many human tissues | 4708 | α-helical | -2 | Endosomal/lysosomal membrane disruption | N.A. | 1.1 μM |
| Corticotropin-releasing hormone (23) | Human hypothalmus | 4758 | α-helical | -3 | Endosomal/lysosomal membrane disruption | N.A. | 5.3 μM |
| Ghrelin (23) | Human stomach and pancreas | 3173 | α-helical | +4 | Endosomal/lysosomal membrane disruption | N.A. | 3.5 μM |
| Small hydrophobic peptide-1 (24) | N-terminal signal peptide of human haptoglobin-related protein | 1959 | Random (α-helix) (72) | 0 | Plasma membrane rigidification | N.A. | 8 μM |
| Small hydrophobic peptide-2 (24) | N-terminal signal peptide of human paraoxonase-1 | 2268 | Random (α-helix) (72) | +2 | Plasma membrane rigidification | N.A. | 8 μM |
1
Values are presented as IC50 estimated from published data. Data were acquired from various assays and therefore provide limited comparisons.
2
Unless indicated otherwise, numbers in parenthesis are references
3
N.D., not determined
4
Values in parentheses are percent killed by 50 μM peptide.
5
N.A., no activity
6
Values are minimum inhibitory concentrations for 100% killing, no data on IC50 is available.
7
Values are for strain GUTat 3.1