Table 1.
Demographics and migraine information for patients and controls
| Chronic migraine with drug overuse | Episodic migraine | Controls | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N (females) | 42 (39) | 42 (35) | 41 (30) |
| Age, mean (SD), years | 41.21 (8.20) | 36.19 (8.66) | 37.12 (8.59) |
| Years of education | <12 years (17) | <12 years (16) | <12 years (9) |
| 12–16 years (16) | 12–16 years (14) | 12–16 years (17) | |
| >16 years (9) | >16 years (12) | >16 years (15) | |
| Years with migraine | <5 years (5) | <5 years (9) | – |
| 5–15 years (13) | 5–15 years (15) | ||
| >15 years (24) | >15 years (18) | ||
| Medication overuse | NSAIDs (21), triptans (3), simple analgesics (4), combination of the above (14) | – | – |
| Preventive medication | Combinationa (15), amitriptyline (4), topiramate (4), zonisamide (1), beta-blockers (3), lamotrigine (1), flunaricine (1), SSRI (2), no treatment (11) | No treatment (26), beta-blockers (7), amitriptyline (7), flunaricine (2) | – |
| Follow-up at 1 year | Overuse persisted (24) | Continued without overuse (35) | – |
| Ceased overuse (16) | Started overuse (3) | ||
| Lost to follow-up (2) | Lost to follow-up (4) |
NSAIDs Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, SSRI selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
aMore than one drug (valproic acid, zonisamide, topiramate, beta-blockers)