Table 4.
Outcome after 1 year of follow-up
| Positive outcome (n = 51)a | Negative outcome (n = 27)b | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Orbitofrontal tasks | |||
| Faux-Pas (FP) | |||
| FP Composite Score | 46 (0–60) | 39 (0–52) | 0.0054 |
| Detected FP | 9 (0–10) | 8 (0–10) | 0.0176 |
| Who committed the FP | 8 (0–10) | 7.5 (0–10) | 0.0329 |
| Why is it a FP | 8 (0–10) | 7 (0–10) | 0.0336 |
| Why someone did the FP | 6 (0–10) | 4 (0–8) | 0.0087 |
| Intentionality | 7 (0–10) | 5 (0–9) | 0.0134 |
| Empathy | 8 (0–10) | 7 (0–10) | 0.0150 |
| Reading the Mind in the Eyes | 27 (17–32) | 23 (14–31) | 0.0018 |
| Empathy Quotient | 45 (31–65) | 44.5 (20–60) | 0.0368 |
| Dorsolateral tasks | |||
| Trail Making B | 68 (30–203) | 79.5 (39–210) | 0.0803 |
| Letters and Numbers | 10 (4–20) | 9.5 (4–19) | 0.4009 |
| WCST | |||
| Categories acquired | 4 (0–5) | 3 (0–5) | 0.0584 |
| Perseverative errors | 6 (3–29) | 7 (2–20) | 0.4625 |
| First category | 11 (10–65) | 12 (10–65) | 0.0112 |
| Beck Depression Inventory | 8.5 (0–27) | 15.5 (1–44) | 0.0010 |
| Beck Anxiety Inventory | 10 (0–43) | 17.5 (2–51) | 0.0053 |
| Zuckerman–Kuhlman personality questionnaire | |||
| Impulsive sensation seeking | 3 (0–11) | 4.5 (0–15) | 0.8960 |
| Neuroticism–anxiety | 8 (0–16) | 11.5 (1–19) | 0.0384 |
| Aggression–hostility | 6 (0–13) | 7.5 (3–14) | 0.2075 |
| Activity | 7 (1–16) | 6 (1–14) | 0.8264 |
| Sociability | 6 (0–14) | 4.5 (0–9) | 0.0805 |
| Infrequency | 1 (0–8) | 1 (0–6) | 0.4290 |
Values expressed as median (range)
aPatients with chronic headache that stopped medication overuse and patients with episodic headache who persisted without overuse
bPatients with chronic headache that persisted overusing medication and patients with episodic headache who converted into chronic migraine with medication overuse