Table 3.

The effect of fructose feeding on kidney morphology, function, and haemodynamics in rat.

Amount fed	Length of study	Effect	Reference
60% fructose in diet	4 weeks	↔ Urine volume, ↔ sodium excretion, ↔ creatinin clearance	[76]
	4 weeks	↔ Urine volume, ↓ sodium excretion, ↔ RBF, ↔ CBF, ↓ MBF	[81]
	6 month	↔ Serum creatinine, ↔ BUN	[47]
	8 weeks	Kidney hypertrophy, glomerular hypertension, cortical vasoconstriction, arteriolopathy	[11]
	12 months	Glomerular sclerosis, albuminurea, ↑ kidney weight	[199]
	60 days	↑ Plasma and urine urea level, ↑ plasma and urine uric acid, ↑ plasma and urine creatinine, ↑ plasma and urine albumin and total protein, fatty infiltration, thickening of glomeruli	[200]
	30 days	↑ Plasma sodium, ↓ sodium excretion, ↑ urine volume	[191]
	8 weeks	↔ GFR; ↔ afferent arteriole resistance; ↔ efferent arteriole resistance glomerular hypertension, cortical vasoconstriction, arteriolopathy	[67]
	6 weeks	Kidney hypertrophy, tubular proliferation, and focal injury	[201]
66% fructose in diet	6 weeks	↔ Urine volume, ↔ sodium excretion	[192]
	8 weeks	↔ Kidney weight, ↔ RBF, ↔ urine volume, ↔ sodium excretion	[156]
65% fructose in diet	4 weeks	↑ Kidney weight, swollen proximal tubular cells	[202]
57% fructose in diet	10 weeks	↔ Plasma creatinine, ↑ kidney weight	[36]
10% fructose in drinking water	8 weeks	Kidney hypertrophy, glomerular hypertension, cortical vasoconstriction, and arteriolopathy	[11]
20% fructose in diet	9 weeks	↑ Kidney weight	[203]
25% fructose in diet	2 weeks	↑ Creatinine clearance, hyperfiltration, mesangial cells proliferation	[204]
20% fructose in drinking water	8 weeks	↔ Kidney weight, ↔ CBF, ↔ RAP	[16]

RBF: Renal Blood Flow, CBF: Cortical Blood Flow, MBF: Medullary Blood Flow, BUN: Blood Urea Nitrogen, GFR: Glomerular Filtration Rate, RAP: Renal Arterial Pressure. ↑, ↓ and ↔ indicate increase, decrease, and no effect, respectively.