Table 2.

The association between smoking status and markers of HIV disease progression

Smoking status	Mean differences in CD4 count1		Mean differences in HVL2
	All subjects combined (n=462)3
	Crude [95% CI]	Adjusted [95% CI]	Crude [95% CI]	Adjusted [95% CI]
Heavy smokers	−3.2 [−27.7, 21.2]	8.2 [−17.4, 33.8]	0.18 [0.03, 0.32]	0.03 [−0.12, 0.17]
Moderate smokers	−11.7 [−36.0, 12.6]	−0.1 [−25.4, 25.1]	0.11 [−0.04, 0.25]	−0.06 [−0.20, 0.08]
Light smokers	−13.0 [−37.8, 11.9]	−2.6 [−28.3, 23.0]	0.27 [0.12, 0.42]	0.14 [−0.01, 0.28]
Minimal or non smokers	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
	Not on ART4,5
Heavy smokers	24.0 [−22.4, 70.3]	27.4 [−19.7, 74.4]	−0.11 [−0.36, 0.14]	−0.09 [−0.35, 0.17]
Moderate smokers	27.7 [−18.0, 73.4]	30.1 [−16.0, 76.1]	−0.22 [−0.47, 0.03]	−0.20 [−0.56, 0.06]
Light smokers	13.8 [−30.7, 58.4]	16.0 [−28.9, 60.9]	−0.15 [−0.39, 0.09]	−0.14 [−0.38, 0.11]
Minimal or non smokers	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference
	On ART and adhered to medication4,6
Heavy smokers	−8.4 [−34.3, 17.5]	−6.4 [−32.4, 19.6]	0.05 [−0.14, 0.24]	0.03 [−0.16, 0.21]
Moderate smokers	−14.5 [−40.4, 11.3]	−14.2 [−40.0, 11.6]	0.05 [−0.14, 0.23]	0.01 [−0.18, 0.19]
Light smokers	−11.2 [−38.2, 15.8]	−11.4 [−38.3, 15.6]	0.25 [0.06, 0.45]*	0.24 [0.04, 0.44]*
Minimal or non smokers	Reference	Reference	Reference	Reference

¹Adjusted analyses controlled for previous CD4+ cell count, ART status, time, and depressive symptoms

²Adjusted analyses controlled for previous log10 HIV RNA, ART status, income, depressive symptoms, injection drug use, age, alcohol, time, and gender

³No. observations was 3141

⁴ART was removed in the model because we stratified on it

⁵No. subjects was 291. No. observations was 1026. Included only observations when subject was on ART.

⁶No. subjects was 363. No. observations was 1586. Included only observations when subject was on ART and adhered to medication.

^*Results are statistically significant