Table 2.
Effect of talker group on school-age language and literacy performance
| MANOVA model name/construct | Dependent variables | Unadjusted group means (SD) |
Main effect of groupa |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early | On-time | Late | F (df) | P | partial η2 | ||
| Vocabulary n = 135 | WJ Picture Vocabulary | 119.1 (11.4) | 110.9 (11.8) | 105.9 (10.6) | 4.16 (6,258) | 0.001 | 0.088 |
| WASI Vocabulary | 59.5 (9.0) | 54.3 (9.8) | 46.4 (12.6) | ||||
| PPVT-III | 121.7 (12.1) | 113.3 (12.2) | 104.7 (12.9) | ||||
| Oral language n = 137 | WJ story recall | 123.2 (10.0) | 114.3 (14.1) | 108.9 (15.7) | 3.81 (8,260) | <0.001 | 0.105 |
| WJ directions | 115.1 (12.2) | 108.9 (10.1) | 104.0 (14.4) | ||||
| WJ oral comp | 125.6 (10.7) | 115.6 (12.0) | 107.0 (13.3) | ||||
| WASI similarities | 61.7 (8.9) | 58.2 (7.4) | 51.5 (14.0) | ||||
| Phonological processing n = 140 | CTOPP elision | 12.0 (3.2) | 11.28 (3.1) | 9.5 (2.8) | 1.68 (8,266) | 0.103 | 0.048 |
| CTOPP blending words | 12.1 (2.9) | 10.8 (2.3) | 10.2 (1.8) | ||||
| CTOPP blending non-words | 12.9 (2.4) | 12.0 (2.7) | 10.7 (1.8) | ||||
| CTOPP non-word repetition | 10.0 (2.6) | 9.5 (2.3) | 9.4 (2.4) | ||||
| Reading accuracy n = 132 | WJ letter-word identification | 120.3 (14.0) | 110.4 (14.5) | 99.5 (11.3) | 3.84 (10,248) | <0.001 | 0.134 |
| WJ word attack | 114.6 (12.3) | 109.4 (12.5) | 102.5 (10.8) | ||||
| GORT accuracy | 10.1 (3.5) | 8.2 (3.4) | 5.1 (2.5) | ||||
| TOWRE phonemic decoding | 111.1 (15.0) | 104.6 (16.4) | 93.0 (12.9) | ||||
| TOWRE sight words | 112.3 (15.0) | 106.9 (15.6) | 93.0 (13.1) | ||||
| Reading fluency n = 127 | WJ reading fluency | 116.3 (16.6) | 107.4 (18.9) | 96.8 (16.4) | 4.88 (4,244) | 0.001 | 0.074 |
| GORT fluency | 11.4 (3.5) | 9.3 (3.9) | 6.0 (3.1) | ||||
| Reading comprehension n = 133 | WJ passage comprehension | 114.2 (13.5) | 105.4 (13.6) | 96.5 (10.9) | 4.51 (4,256) | 0.002 | 0.066 |
| GORT reading comprehension | 12.3 (4.4) | 10.6 (3.9) | 8.6 (3.5) | ||||
| Spellingbn = 157 | WJ spelling | 15.8 (20.0) | 109.7 (18.6) | 98.9 (15.7) | 4.88 (2,153) | 0.009 | 0.06 |
MANOVA = multivariate analysis of variance; WJ = Woodcock Johnson-III Test; PPVT = Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III; TOWRE = Test of Word Reading Efficiency; GORT = Gray Oral Reading Test; CTOPP = Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing; WASI = Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence.
a Main effect of group based on Wilks’ Lambda, and include Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence Performance IQ as a covariate (P < 0.01 in all models).
b Spelling analysed using univariate ANOVA with Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence Performance IQ as covariate.