Table 3.
Descriptive statistics for 48 children included in fMRI analysis
| Group means (SD) |
Main effect of group |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early | On-Time | Late | F (df) | P | |
| Age (years;months) | 8;5 (15 mo) | 8;6 (16 mo) | 8;9 (16 mo) | 0.31 (2,45) | 0.731 |
| WASI | |||||
| Performance IQ | 108 (12) | 101 (10) | 102 (15) | 1.7 (2,44) | 0.202 |
| Verbal IQ | 112 (12) | 107 (12) | 103 (19) | 1.4 (2,44) | 0.249 |
| WJ Broad reading | |||||
| Word attack | 112 (11) | 108 (12) | 102 (12) | 3.4 (2,45) | 0.043 |
| Letter-Word identification | 117 (15) | 107 (14) | 100 (11) | 6.0 (2,45) | 0.005 |
| WJ oral language | |||||
| Story recall | 120 (9) | 108 (16) | 107 (16) | 4.4 (2,45) | 0.017 |
| Understanding directions | 112 (12) | 106 (9) | 105 (11) | 2.5 (2,45) | 0.093 |
| Picture vocabulary | 113 (10) | 110 (9) | 108 (11) | 1.1 (2,44) | 0.337 |
| Oral comprehension | 125 (14) | 110 (10) | 110 (12) | 8.5 (2,45) | 0.001 |
| GORT fluency | |||||
| Accuracy | 9.2 (3.4) | 6.9 (3.2) | 5.7 (3.2) | 4.4 (2,42) | 0.018 |
| Rate | 12.2 (3.5) | 9.3 (3.7) | 8.6 (3.0) | 4.7 (2,42) | 0.015 |
| TOWRE total word reading | |||||
| Sight words | 108 (18) | 102 (13) | 97 (11) | 2.6 (2,45) | 0.086 |
| Phonemic decoding | 111 (14) | 103 (14) | 96 (12) | 4.4 (2,45) | 0.018 |
| PPVT-III | 116 (11) | 113 (9) | 107 (10) | 2.7 (2,44) | 0.080 |
| fMRI task | |||||
| Reaction time (ms) | 1609 (231) | 1664 (324) | 1490 (276) | 1.6 (2,45) | 0.209 |
| Sensitivity (A’) | 0.93 (0.050) | 0.87 (0.120) | 0.90 (0.080) | 2.2 (2,45) | 0.127 |
mo = months; WJ = Woodcock Johnson-III Test; PPVT = Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III; TOWRE = Test of Word Reading Efficiency; GORT = Gray Oral Reading Test; CTOPP = Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing; WASI = Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence.