Table 4.
Risk Ratios, Risk Differences,a and 95% Confidence Intervals for the Association Between Mortality and Wealth by Gender and Race, Panel Study of Income Dynamics, United States, 1984–2005b
| Menc (n = 9,870) |
Womend (n = 11,040) |
Whitee (n = 12,327) |
Nonwhitef (n = 8,576) |
|||||
| RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | RR | 95% CI | |
| ≤0 wealth | 1.66 | 1.22, 2.27 | 1.90 | 1.32, 2.72 | 1.78 | 1.26, 2.53 | 1.49 | 1.03, 2.15 |
| Quintile 1 | 1.27 | 0.94, 1.72 | 1.56 | 1.10, 2.21 | 1.42 | 1.06, 1.90 | 1.19 | 0.80, 1.77 |
| Quintile 2 | 1.21 | 0.90, 1.63 | 1.71 | 1.21, 2.43 | 1.23 | 0.91, 1.66 | 1.03 | 0.67, 1.58 |
| Quintile 3 | 1.13 | 0.87, 1.47 | 1.64 | 1.18, 2.27 | 1.21 | 0.93, 1.57 | 1.49 | 1.02, 2.18 |
| Quintile 4 | 1.11 | 0.86, 1.44 | 1.24 | 0.92, 1.67 | 1.05 | 0.82, 1.35 | 1.40 | 0.95, 2.05 |
| Quintile 5 | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent | 1.00 | Referent |
| RD |
95% CI |
RD |
95% CI |
RD |
95% CI |
RD |
95% CI |
|
| ≤0 wealth | 6 | 1, 10 | 3 | 1, 5 | 4 | 1, 6 | 4 | 1, 8 |
| Quintile 1 | 3 | −1, 6 | 2 | 0.4, 4 | 2 | 0.2, 4 | 2 | −2, 5 |
| Quintile 2 | 2 | −2, 5 | 3 | 1, 4 | 1 | −1, 3 | 0.3 | −3, 4 |
| Quintile 3 | 1 | −3, 4 | 2 | 1, 4 | 1 | −0.4, 3 | 4 | 0.3, 8 |
| Quintile 4 | 0.4 | −3, 3 | 1 | −0.3, 2 | 0.3 | −1, 2 | 3 | −0.4, 7 |
| Quintile 5 | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | ||||
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; Q, quintile; RD, risk difference; RR, risk ratio.
Per 1,000 persons.
All models adjusted for baseline covariates and time-varying income, marital status, and general health status.
Unweighted cutpoints for wealth quintiles that correspond to the wealth distribution among men: Q1 ($1–$12,902); Q2 ($12,903–$44,515); Q3 ($44,516–$104,860); Q4 ($104,861–$262,122); Q5 (≥$262,123). The average debt for the male population was $15,845.
Unweighted cutpoints for wealth quintiles that correspond to the wealth distribution among women: Q1 ($1–$10,557); Q2 ($10,558–$39,160); Q3 ($39,161–$94,369); Q4 ($94,370–$238,810); Q5 (≥$238,811). The average debt for the female population was $14,037.
Unweighted cutpoints for wealth quintiles that correspond to the wealth distribution among whites: Q1 ($1–$20,762); Q2 ($20,763–$67,303); Q3 ($67,304–$149,573); Q4 ($149,574–$334,019); Q5 (≥$334,020). The average debt for the white population was $18,288.
Unweighted cutpoints for wealth quintiles that correspond to the wealth distribution among nonwhites: Q1 ($1–$5,047); Q2 ($5,048–$18,730); Q3 ($18,731–$44,531); Q4 ($44,532–$98,336); Q5 (≥$98,337). The average debt for the nonwhite population was $10,774.