Table 1.
Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Psychosocial Characteristics of Participants in the Midlife Development in the United States Survey Cohort Study by Change in Interpersonal Discrimination, 1995–2004a
| Full Sample (N = 1,452) |
Low Stableb (n = 398) |
Decreasec (n = 359) |
Increased (n = 380) |
High Stablee (n = 315) |
P Valuef | ||||||
| % | Mean (SD) | % | Mean (SD) | % | Mean (SD) | % | Mean (SD) | % | Mean (SD) | ||
| Change in waist circumference, cm | 5.98 (0.25) | 4.52 (0.39) | 5.80 (0.55) | 6.80 (0.49) | 6.80 (0.64) | 0.004 | |||||
| Waist circumference in 1995, cm | 89.79 (0.40) | 89.75 (0.73) | 88.56 (0.77) | 88.80 (0.75) | 92.38 (0.96) | 0.004 | |||||
| Waist circumference in 2004, cm | 95.77 (0.42) | 94.27 (0.72) | 94.36 (0.80) | 95.61 (0.83) | 99.18 (1.00) | 0.000 | |||||
| Daily discrimination | 4.03 (0.12) | 0.14 (0.02) | 6.70 (0.20) | 1.46 (0.12) | 8.54 (0.25) | 0.000 | |||||
| Major life events | 0.001 | ||||||||||
| First tertile (0 events) | 10.60 | 13.5 | 10.9 | 9.6 | 8.4 | ||||||
| Second tertile (1–2 events) | 43.48 | 48.7 | 40.4 | 45.9 | 38.2 | ||||||
| Third tertile (3 events) | 45.92 | 37.9 | 48.7 | 44.5 | 53.5 | ||||||
| Age, years | 0.000 | ||||||||||
| <55 | 76.61 | 66.5 | 79.0 | 77.3 | 84.2 | ||||||
| 55–75 | 23.39 | 33.5 | 21.0 | 22.7 | 15.8 | ||||||
| Race | 0.000 | ||||||||||
| White | 91.09 | 98.0 | 87.7 | 94.2 | 83.4 | ||||||
| Nonwhite | 8.91 | 2.0 | 12.3 | 5.8 | 16.6 | ||||||
| Sex | 0.029 | ||||||||||
| Male | 45.86 | 50.3 | 46.8 | 44.5 | 41.6 | ||||||
| Female | 54.14 | 49.7 | 53.2 | 55.5 | 58.4 | ||||||
| Education | 0.137 | ||||||||||
| High school graduate | 44.38 | 43.8 | 40.0 | 50.4 | 42.4 | ||||||
| Some college | 26.92 | 25.0 | 28.4 | 25.6 | 29.1 | ||||||
| ≥College graduate | 28.70 | 31.2 | 31.6 | 24.0 | 28.5 | ||||||
| Household income | 0.000 | ||||||||||
| ≤$29,999 | 30.93 | 21.3 | 31.5 | 34.4 | 37.8 | ||||||
| $30,000–49,999 | 29.30 | 27.5 | 32.0 | 31.6 | 25.5 | ||||||
| ≥$50,000 | 39.77 | 51.2 | 36.4 | 35.0 | 36.7 | ||||||
| Drinking status | 0.214 | ||||||||||
| Lifetime drinker | 94.38 | 92.1 | 95.8 | 95.0 | 94.6 | ||||||
| Never drinker | 5.62 | 7.9 | 4.2 | 5.0 | 5.4 | ||||||
| Smoking status | 0.089 | ||||||||||
| Current smoker | 22.45 | 20.5 | 19.5 | 25.4 | 24.2 | ||||||
| Never smoker | 77.55 | 79.5 | 80.5 | 74.6 | 75.8 | ||||||
| Physical activity | |||||||||||
| Moderate-vigorous, summer | 0.441 | ||||||||||
| No | 61.43 | 59.5 | 61.0 | 62.8 | 64.0 | ||||||
| Yes | 38.58 | 40.5 | 39.3 | 39.0 | 35.7 | ||||||
| Moderate-vigorous, winter | 0.567 | ||||||||||
| No | 73.54 | 72.9 | 74.2 | 73.1 | 74.7 | ||||||
| Yes | 26.46 | 27.0 | 26.1 | 27.6 | 24.1 | ||||||
| Depression diagnosis | 0.055 | ||||||||||
| No | 88.06 | 91.3 | 86.0 | 90.5 | 84.2 | ||||||
| Yes | 11.94 | 8.7 | 13.9 | 9.8 | 15.7 | ||||||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | |||||||||||
| Body mass index in 1995 | 26.85 (0.14) | 26.86 (0.24) | 26.40 (0.27) | 26.63 (0.26) | 27.92 (0.36) | 0.000 | |||||
| Body mass index in 2004 | 28.32 (0.16) | 27.51 (0.26) | 28.01 (0.32) | 28.10 (0.30) | 29.83 (0.39) | 0.000 | |||||
Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.
All of the variables are from wave I (baseline) except for body mass index in wave II and major life events.
Low levels of interpersonal discrimination in waves I and II; no change.
Change from high levels of interpersonal discrimination in wave I to low levels in wave II.
Change from low levels of interpersonal discrimination in wave I to high levels in wave II.
High levels of interpersonal discrimination in waves I and II; no change.
P values were derived from 1-way analysis of variance for continuous variables and chi-square statistics for categorical variables.