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. 2011 Apr 5;173(11):1289–1297. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwr017

Table 2.

Three-Year Incidence of DSM-IV Axis I Psychiatric Disorders and Related Odds Ratios, by Disordered Gambling Status (n = 33,231), National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, 2000–2005

3-Year Incidence of Axis I Disorders
 Model 1
 Model 2
 Model 3
 Model 4
 Model 5
Disordered Gamblers (n = 209)
 Nondisordered Gamblers (n = 33,022)
 AORa 99% CI AORb 99% CI AORc 99% CI AORd 99% CI AORe 99% CI
% SE % SE
Any Axis I disorder 53.8 12.9 16.7 0.4 4.11* 1.01, 16.66 3.97* 1.05, 14.98 3.54* 0.85, 16.66 3.69 0.85, 16.07 3.42 0.84, 13.97
Any mood disorder 18.8 4.7 7.4 0.2 2.77* 1.16, 6.60 2.64* 1.11, 6.29 2.41* 1.05, 5.53 2.59* 1.09, 6.12 2.37* 1.03, 5.48
    Major depressive disorder 9.7 3.1 6.3 0.2 1.69 0.64, 4.46 1.57 0.60, 4.12 1.35 0.52, 3.53 1.42 0.54, 3.71 1.23 0.48, 3.15
    Dysthymic disorder 1.7 0.9 0.9 0.1 1.87 0.43, 8.12 1.66 0.39, 7.02 1.44 0.33, 6.23 1.50 0.35, 6.32 1.24 0.30, 5.15
    Bipolar disorder 9.0 2.8 2.9 0.1 2.70* 1.04, 7.00 2.52 0.95, 6.70 2.33 0.92, 5.89 2.24 0.87, 5.78 2.02 0.77, 5.31
Any anxiety disorder 13.7 3.9 9.4 0.3 1.63 0.69, 3.88 1.55 0.65, 3.70 1.37 0.59, 3.18 1.35 0.57, 3.22 1.23 0.52, 2.90
    Panic disorder 2.8 1.1 2.4 0.1 1.19 0.38, 3.68 1.06 0.33, 3.38 0.84 0.25, 2.81 0.95 0.30, 2.96 0.73 0.21, 2.53
    Social phobia 0.8 0.5 2.0 0.1 0.36 0.07, 1.77 0.34 0.07, 1.70 0.29 0.06, 1.46 0.31 0.06, 1.56 0.29 0.06, 1.47
    Specific phobia 11.1 3.3 6.2 0.2 1.93 0.82, 4.55 1.83 0.77, 4.34 1.68 0.72, 3.90 1.69 0.71, 4.04 1.58 0.66, 3.78
    Generalized anxiety disorder 9.2 2.3 3.5 0.2 3.23* 1.49, 7.00 2.99* 1.38, 6.45 2.49* 1.15, 5.39 2.55* 1.16, 5.60 2.25* 1.02, 4.95
    Posttraumatic stress disorder 6.0 2.0 1.2 0.1 5.55* 2.25, 13.72 5.03* 1.95, 12.96 4.13* 1.67, 10.25 4.77* 1.91, 11.94 3.81* 1.49, 9.73
Any substance use disorder 26.9 7.6 10.6 0.3 1.76* 1.38, 2.23 2.32* 0.90, 5.98 2.16 0.82, 5.68 2.39 0.96, 5.97 2.28 0.90, 5.82
    Alcohol use disorder 18.8 5.7 5.8 0.2 2.77* 1.16, 6.61 2.82* 1.18, 6.77 2.69* 1.09, 6.60 2.67* 1.09, 6.54 2.68* 1.07, 6.74
        Alcohol abuse disorder 7.2 3.3 3.5 0.2 1.60 0.49, 5.22 1.60 0.49, 5.22 1.70 0.49, 5.87 1.65 0.49, 5.57 1.68 0.51, 5.57
        Alcohol dependence disorder 14.4 4.2 3.2 0.1 3.91* 1.69, 9.06 3.99* 1.70, 9.36 3.45* 1.44, 8.27 3.48* 1.41, 8.59 3.38* 1.35, 8.46
    Nicotine dependence 14.1 3.8 6.7 0.2 1.66 0.73, 3.77 1.66 0.73, 3.80 1.54 0.66, 3.56 1.61 0.72, 3.62 1.56 1.35, 8.46
    Drug use disorder 2.8 1.5 1.7 0.1 1.14 0.25, 5.21 1.09 0.24, 4.96 0.98 0.22, 4.50 1.04 0.24, 4.51 0.93 0.21, 4.10
        Drug abuse disorder 0.8 0.7 1.3 0.1 0.41 0.01, 4.22 0.39 0.04, 4.05 0.38 0.04, 3.88 0.38 0.24, 4.51 0.34 0.03, 38
        Drug dependence disorder 2.0 1.1 0.8 0.1 1.52 0.33, 7.07 1.39 0.29, 6.65 1.24 0.27, 5.75 1.25 0.27, 5.84 1.09 0.22, 5.29

Abbreviations: AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition; SF-12, Short Form 12 Health Survey—Version 2.

* P < 0.01.

a

Adjusted for sex, age, marital status, education, race/ethnicity, household income, and employment status.

b

Adjusted for sex, age, marital status, education, race/ethnicity, household income, employment status, and the presence of 11 medical conditions (arteriosclerosis, hypertension, cirrhosis, other liver diseases, angina, tachycardia, myocardial infarction, other heart diseases, stomach ulcer, gastritis, and arthritis).

c

Adjusted for sex, age, marital status, education, race/ethnicity, household income, employment status, SF-12 physical health scale score, and SF-12 mental health scale score.

d

Adjusted for sex, age, marital status, education, race/ethnicity, household income, employment status, and 12 stressful life events (the death of a family member or close friend; serious illness or injury in a family member or close friend; moving to a new home or having new household members; being fired or laid off from a job; being unemployed and looking for a job for more than 1 month; having trouble with a boss or coworker; experiencing a change in one's job, job responsibilities, or work hours; becoming separated or divorced or breaking off a steady relationship; having a problem with a neighbor, friend, or relative; experiencing a major financial crisis; getting into trouble with the police, being arrested, or being sent to jail (either the participant or a family member); and being the victim of a crime (either the participant or a family member).

e

Adjusted for sex, age, marital status, education, race/ethnicity, household income, employment status, the above 11 medical conditions, SF-12 physical health scale score, SF-12 mental health scale score, and the above 12 stressful life events.