Table 2.
Crude and adjusted incidence rate ratios of tuberculosis according to the availability of examinations in 15 antiretroviral treatment programmes in Africa, Asia and Latin America.
| Tuberculosis diagnostics |
No. of sites (%) |
Crude IRR (95% CI) |
P value | Adjusted IRR (95% CI)* |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chest X-ray | 0.72 | 0.29 | |||
| Routinely available | 13 (86.7) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Charges applicable † | 2 (13.3) | 0.80 (0.23-2.80) | 0.53 (0.16-1.73) | ||
| Not available | 0 | - | - | ||
|
| |||||
| Sputum microscopy | 0.46 | 0.41 | |||
| Routinely available | 14 (93.3) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Charges applicable † | 1 (6.7) | 0.53 (0.10-2.87) | 0.49 (0.87-2.73) | ||
| Not available | 0 | - | - | ||
|
| |||||
| Mycobacterial culture | 0.88 | 0.30 | |||
| Routinely available | 8 (53.3) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Charges applicable † | 3 (20.0) | 1.20 (0.39-3.67) | 1.22 (0.27-5.53) | ||
| Not available | 4 (26.7) | 0.86 (0.31-2.38) | 0.45 (0.16-1.27) | ||
IRR, incidence rate ratio.
95% CI, 95% confidence interval
*
Adjusted for baseline CD4 cell count, age, gender, isoniazid preventive therapy, main point of entry into ART programme (referral from TB programme or other), and national TB incidence.
†
Charges to patients