Table 5.

PPI and H₂RA use in individuals with UGIB and controls with no UGIB, and its association with a diagnosis of UGIB, in a cohort of low-dose ASA users.

	Controls N = 2000		Cases N = 169		RR (95% CI)*	N = 2000	N = 169
	n	%	n	%
PPI USE AT INDEX DATE
Non-use	1490	74.5	107	63.3	1 (–)
Current use (0–30 days)	400	20.0	46	27.2	0.97 (0.65–1.44)
Past use (31–365 days)	110	5.5	16	9.5	1.30 (0.70–2.41)
PPI USE AT START DATE
Non-use	1490	74.5	107	63.3	1 (–)
Current users initiating PPI therapy after start date	135	6.8	25	14.8	1.88 (1.14–3.13)
Current PPI users initiating PPI at start date	265	13.2	21	12.4	0.56 (0.33–0.96)
Low PPI dose†	84	4.2	9	5.3	1.00 (0.47–2.12)
Medium/high PPI dose†	181	9.0	12	7.1	0.40 (0.20–0.78)
H2RA AT INDEX DATE
Non-use	1885	94.2	152	89.9	1 (–)
Current use (0–30 days)	84	4.2	12	7.1	1.08 (0.55–2.11)
Past use (31–365 days)	31	1.6	5	3.0	1.45 (0.51–4.12)
H2RA AT START DATE
Non-use	1885	94.2	152	89.9	1 (–)
Current users initiating H2 RAtherapy after start date	28	1.4	4	2.4	1.09 (0.36–3.31)
Current PPI users initiating H2RA therapy at start date	56	2.8	8	4.7	1.07 (0.47–2.41)

*Adjusted by sex, age, follow-up time, history of peptic ulcer disease, number of PCP visits, referrals and hospitalizations, and use of warfarin, ASA, clopidogrel, NSAIDs and PPIs.

^†Specific cut-off values for daily dose (in mg) were as follows: esomeprazole 10, lansoprazole 15, omeprazole 10, rabeprazole 10, pantoprazole 10 mg. Doses less than or equal to the cut-off value were grouped under low doses, and doses greater than the cut-off value were grouped under medium/high doses.

ASA, acetylsalicylic acid; CI, confidence interval; H₂RA, histamine-2 receptor antagonist; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; PCP, primary care practitioner; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; PU, peptic ulcer; RR, relative risk; UGIB, upper gastrointestinal bleeding.