. 2010 Jun;140(6):1093–1098. doi: 10.3945/jn.109.117366

TABLE 2.

Circulating concentrations of biomarkers of oxidative stress, antioxidants, and LDL-cholesterol in healthy, moderately hypercholesterolemic men and women before and after consuming 0, 1, and 2 servings of pistachios/d for 4 wk¹

	Diet treatment
Biomarker	Baseline	Control	1 PD	2 PD	Treatment effect²
Oxidized-LDL, U/L	48.57 ± 3.02	51.29 ± 3.02^a	46.57 ± 3.03^b	43.43 ± 3.02^b*	0.0002
Lipid hydroperoxide, μmol/L	0.60 ± 0.21	0.50 ± 0.21	0.54 ± 0.21	0.65 ± 0.21	0.9
Uric acid, μmol/L	269.04 ± 17.70	245.44 ± 17.70*	248.98 ± 17.70^{a *}	244.85 ± 17.70*	<0.0001
GSH, μmol/L	934.71 ± 27.33	916.44 ± 27.15	874.26 ± 27.82	847.02 ± 27.33	0.08
γ-Tocopherol, nmol/L	10.06 ± 0.79	9.72 ± 0.79^a	10.68 ± 0.79^a	11.28 ± 0.79^b	0.03
α-Tocopherol , nmol/L	31.35 ± 1.51	31.23 ± 1.51^a	30.97 ± 1.51^a	28.44 ± 1.51^a	0.04
Lutein, nmol/L	230.72 ± 21.89	239.37 ± 21.89^a	337.77 ± 22.03^b*	421.89 ± 21.89^c*	<0.0001
Lycopene, nmol/L	674.37 ± 33.62	616.69 ± 33.62^a*	571.74 ± 33.94^a*	506.25 ± 33.62^b*	<0.0001
Zeaxanthin, nmol/L	51.22 ± 3.41	63.84 ± 3.41^a*	61.23 ± 3.43^a*	61.81 ± 3.40^a*	<0.0001
α-Carotene, nmol/L	232.18 ± 31.66	304.52 ± 31.66^a	345.41 ± 32.02^a*	337.53 ± 31.66^a*	0.003
β-Car, nmol/L	561.22 ± 52.75	642.84 ± 52.75^a	706.52 ± 54.97^a*	714.87 ± 52.75^a*	0.0007
LDL-C, mmol/L	3.43 ± 0.11	3.42 ± 0.11^a	3.08 ± 0.11^b*	2.98 ± 0.11^b*	<0.05

Values are expressed as mean ± SE, n = 28. *Significantly different from baseline, P < 0.05. Means for diet treatments with superscripts without a common letter differ, P ≤ 0.05.

Effect of treatment (raw values).