TABLE 3.

Serum concentrations of lipid-adjusted carotenoids and tocopherols in healthy, moderately hypercholesterolemic men and women before and after consuming 0, 1, and 2 servings of pistachios/d for 4 wk¹²

	Diet treatment
Biomarker	Baseline2	Control2	1 PD	2 PD	Treatment effect3
γ-Tocopherol/TC2	0.020 ± 0.001	0.019 ± 0.001a	0.023 ± 0.001b*	0.024 ± 0.001b*	<0.0001
α-Tocopherol/TC2	0.064 ± 0.002	0.063 ± 0.002	0.068 ± 0.002	0.064 ± 0.002	0.08
Lutein/TC2	0.63 ± 0.07	0.64 ± 0.07a	0.99 ± 0.07b*	1.26 ± 0.07c*	<0.0001
Lycopene /TC2	1.71 ± 0.08	1.57 ± 0.08a	1.57 ± 0.08a	1.42 ± 0.08a*	0.01
Zeaxan/TC2	0.14 ± 0.01	0.17 ± 0.01a*	0.18 ± 0.01a*	0.18 ± 0.01a*	<0.0001
α-Carotene/TC2	0.59 ± 0.08	0.77 ± 0.08a	0.94 ± 0.08a*	0.95 ± 0.08a*	0.0001
β-Carotene/TC2	1.42 ± 0.1	1.63 ± 0.1a	1.93 ± 0.1b*	2.00 ± 0.1b*	<0.0001

¹Values are expressed as mean ± SE n = 28. *Significantly different from baseline, P < 0.05. Means for diet treatments with superscripts without a common letter differ, P ≤ 0.05.

²Lipid-adjusted serum carotenoids and tocopherols are expressed relative to TC.

³Effect of treatment (raw values).