Table 1.

Experimental models with oxidative stress in the cerebral circulation.

Model	Phenotype	References
acute hypertension	↓EDR	8
chronic hypertension	↑ROS, ↑Nox, ↓EDR, ↓NVC hypertrophy	9, 25, 26, 38, 60
hyperhomocysteinemia	↑ROS, ↓EDR, hypertrophy	23, 30
insulin resistance	↑ROS, ↑Nox, ↓EDR ↓K+ channel-induced vasodilation	13, 28
hypercholesterolemia	↑ROS ↑blood cell-vessel interactions	69
diabetes/metabolic syndrome	↑ROS, ↑Nox, ↓EDR ↓hypoxia-induced vasodilation ↓glutamate-induced vasodilation	14, 29, 35, 64, 86
inflammation	↑ROS, ↓EDR,	18, 54
hypoxia	↑ROS, ↓EDR,	87
sickle cell disease	↑blood cell-vessel interactions	70
subarachnoid hemorrhage	↑ROS, ↑Nox, vasospasm	39, 40, 66
ischemia with reperfusion	↓EDR, ↓vasoconstriction	24
meningitis	vasodilation	88
traumatic brain injury	↓EDR, ↓vasoconstriction	27
Alzheimer’s disease	↑ROS, ↓EDR, ↓NVC	20, 21
aging	↑ROS, ↑Nox, ↓EDR, ↓NVC,	12, 19
nicotine	↓EDR	10
alcohol	↑ROS, ↓EDR, ↓K+ channel-induced vasodilation	22, 36
methionine synthase deficiency	↑ROS, ↓EDR	31
SOD deficiency	↑ROS, ↓EDR, hypertrophy ↑vasoconstriction	11, 15, 16
PPARγ interference	↑ROS, ↓EDR, hypertrophy,	17

EDR = endothelium-dependent relaxation

NVC = neurovascular coupling

ROS = reactive oxygen species in the vasculature

Nox = activity or expression of NADPH oxidase