Table 2. Pyrroloquinoline Quinone and Plasma Lipid Composition.1 .
| Lipid Class1 | Treatment | Total Lipid2 | Fatty Acid Composition1 | |||||||
| SFA | MUFA | PUFA | N3 | N6 | N7 | N9 | DM | |||
| Neutral Lipids (nmol fatty acid per g sample) 2 | ||||||||||
| Cholesterol Ester | PQQ+ | 1219±268 | 188±21 | 114±22 | 914±233 | 15±3.4 | 899±231 | 16±3.9 | 98±18 | 0 |
| PQQ− | 1271±234 | 189±27 | 103±19 | 977±195 | 13±3.6 | 963±192 | 14±3.6 | 89±16 | 0 | |
| PQQ−/+ | 1439±78 | 199±23 | 89 † ±7.1 | 1149±56 | 17±3.0 | 1131±59 | 14±1.9 | 74 † ±9.0 | 0 | |
| FFA 1 | PQQ+ | 467±83 | 196±44 | 96±16 | 175±25 | 8±3.7 | 166±22 | 12±3.4 | 82±12 | 0 |
| PQQ− | 508±55 | 197**±41 | 106±8.0 | 203**±22 | 9±4.8 | 193** ±23 | 11±4.0 | 93** ±11 | 0 | |
| PQQ−/+ | 371±122 | 148±40 | 80±30 | 143±52 | 7±2.4 | 136±50 | 11±4.6 | 66±25 | 0 | |
| Diacylglycerol | PQQ+ | 59±9.8 | 27±4.4 | 15±3.6 | 17±5.8 | 0.7±0.6 | 16±5.7 | 1.8±0.7 | 12.6±3.0 | 0.5±0.8 |
| PQQ− | 95*±26 | 34**±7.0 | 23*±7.0 | 35*±12 | 3.8*±2.4 | 31*±11 | 2.9*±0.8 | 20* ±6.3 | 1.9±1.6 | |
| PQQ−/+ | 60±13 | 21**±1.7 | 16±2.3 | 23±9.4 | 0.8±0.5 | 22±9.0 | 1.8±0.1 | 14±2.4 | 0.3±0.1 | |
| Triacylglycerol | PQQ+ | 1267±340 | 319±72 | 298±97 | 642±169 | 16±8 | 623±163 | 25±7 | 275±90 | 6±3 |
| PQQ− | 2542*±1239 | 549**±240 | 624*±299 | 1358*±699 | 36**±21 | 1315*±672 | 45**±22 | 586* ±286 | 7.4±3 | |
| PQQ−/+ | 2177 † ±704 | 533 †† ±189 | 527 † ±172 | 1112 † ±340 | 37 †† ±23 | 1070 † ±322 | 47 †† ±25 | 483 †† ±150 | 4±2 | |
| Phospholipids (nmol fatty acid class per g sample) 2 | ||||||||||
| LysoPC 1 | PQQ+ | 543±58 | 295±32 | 37±5.8 | 208±29 | 4.8±1.3 | 204±29 | 8.3±1.1 | 28±4.9 | 1.5±0.9 |
| PQQ− | 621*±68 | 323±43 | 40±4.4 | 255**±21 | 6.4**±0.9 | 249**±20 | 9.5±1.5 | 30±3.1 | 1.9±2.0 | |
| PQQ−/+ | 703 †† ±6.8 | 360 †† ±22 | 45 † ±4.5 | 295 †† ±19 | 8.7 †† ±1.9 | 287 †† ±17 | 11††±1.5 | 35±5.4 | 1.4±0.5 | |
| PC 1 | PQQ+ | 2036±329 | 906±148 | 107±15 | 1017±167 | 46±9.0 | 970±158 | 31±6.0 | 77±8.8 | 4.7±1.1 |
| PQQ− | 2254±624 | 1011±221 | 122±47 | 1101±385 | 55±20 | 1042±373 | 35±16 | 91±27 | 7.0±3.7 | |
| PQQ−/+ | 2462 †† ±106 | 1103 †† ±50 | 121±4.5 | 1229 †† ±52 | 68 † ±4.0 | 1161 † ±53 | 36.7±4.2 | 86±8.8 | 6.3±1.5 | |
| PEA 1 | PQQ+ | 378±57 | 166±25 | 47±17 | 152±34 | 5.6±1.4 | 146±33 | 4.2±1.4 | 42±16 | 11.2±3.0 |
| PQQ− | 395±87 | 165±40 | 57±10 | 162±41 | 7.3±1.5 | 154±40 | 4.8±1.0 | 51±9 | 10.4±1.6 | |
| PQQ−/+ | 464 † ±15 | 201 † ±15 | 47±21 | 203 †† ±19 | 9.4 †† ±2.4 | 194 † ±17 | 4.6±1.8 | 41±19 | 12.8±0.8 | |
| Sphingomyelin | PQQ+ | 195±84 | 124±60 | 45±17 | 24±11 | 8±5 | 17±7 | 2±1 | 42±16 | 0 |
| PQQ− | 165±84 | 101±56 | 42±20 | 21±10 | 7±3 | 15±6 | 1.6±1 | 40±19 | 0 | |
| PQQ−/+ | 263±135 | 193±107 | 42±16 | 27±13 | 7±4 | 18±7 | 1±1.6 | 43±16 | 0 | |
1
Values are mean ± SD; Abbreviations: FFA (free fatty acid or non-esterified fatty acids), LysoPC (lysophospholipid), PC (phosphocholine), PEA (N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine).
2
For comparisons: for PQQ+ vs. PQQ−, a single asterisk indicates p<0.05 and two asterisks indicate P<0.1 relative to the PQQ+ group; for PQQ+ vs. PQQ +/−, a
†indicates p<0.05 and
††indicate P<0.1 relative to the PQQ+ group.