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In the canonical cycle, Ras is bound to GDP (symbolized by two phosphate groups) during the basal state. GEF catalyzes the exchange between GDP and GTP, activating Ras that can bind to Ras effectors and perform the biological activity. GAP enhances the intrinsic GTPase activity of Ras, which returns to the inactive state. Disruption of any of these steps may lead to several pathologies, including cancer.
