Table 1.

Different mechanisms of constitutive activation of NF-κB in cancers

Cancer type	Mutated gene	Pathway	Reference
Cancers
Acute myeloid leukemia
	c-KIT	PI3K–Akt	(Lennartsson et al., 2005; Linnekin, 1999)
	FLT3	PI3K–Akt	(Choudhary et al., 2005; Grosjean-Raillard et al., 2008)
		ERK–MAPK	(Takahashi et al., 2005)
	Ras	PI3K-PKB–Akt-IKK	(Birkenkamp et al., 2004)
Chronic myeloid leukemia
	Bcr–Abl	MEKK1	(Nawata et al., 2003)
Pancreatic cancer
	K-Ras	PI3K-RacEGF-Rac	(Almoguera et al., 1988)
		PI3K–Akt-IKK	(Liptay et al., 2003)
Prostate cancer
	AR	PI3K–Akt	(Newmark et al., 1992; Sun et al., 2010)
Small cell lung cancer
	K-Ras	TBK1–IKKβ	(Basseres et al., 2010)
Head and neck cancer
	EGFR	CK2–IKK	(Molinolo et al., 2009)
Glioma
	EGFR/PTEN	PI3K–Akt-IKK	(Wang et al., 2004)
	PDGF	PI3K–Akt-IKK	(Smith et al., 2008)
Non-small cell lung cancer
	K-Ras/EGFR	PI3K–Akt-IKK	(Tang et al., 2006)
Breast cancer
	HER2	PI3K–Akt-IKK	(Cao et al., 2007)
	TAB1	TAK1–IKKβ	(Neil and Schiemann, 2008)
Multiple myeloma
	NFKB2	Alternative	(Demchenko et al., 2010)
	CYLD, NFKB1, and TACI	Classical	(Demchenko et al., 2010)
	NIK, TRAF2, TRAF3, cIAP1 and 2, and CD40	Both alternative	(Demchenko et al., 2010)
Others
B-cell line		Enhanced IκBα degradation	(Miyamoto et al., 1994)

Abbreviations: AR, androgen receptor; cIAP, cellular inhibitor of apoptosis; CK2, casein kinase 2; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; FLT3, FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3; IKK, IκB kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MEKK, MAPK kinase; NIK, NF-κB inducing kinase; PKB, protein kinase B; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; TAB1, TAK1 binding protein 1; TACI, transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor; TAK1, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β activated kinase 1; TBK1, TNF receptor-associated NF-κB kinase (TANK)-binding kinase 1; TRAF, TNF receptor-associated factor.