Fig. 3.

The structure of the holo V-ATPase compared with the F-ATPase. (A) The V-ATPase structure by single particle analysis using electron microscopy. (B) X-ray structure of F₁c₁₀-ATPase from yeast (PDB ID 1QO1). Central stalk subunits γ and ε are highlighted in orange and green, respectively, whereas the other subunits (α₃,β₃,ε,c₁₀) are colored in blue. (C) Superimposition of subunit C (red) with the modeled rotor ring (yellow). Yeast F₁-ATPase (α₃,β₃,γ,ε) is also fitted to the V_o domain as a reference. The color scheme of the F₁-ATPase is the same as in B.