Table 4.

Studies investigating multiple treatment options for anticoagulation reversal in warfarin-associated intracranial hemorrhage

Author	Study type	Patient population	Intervention	Result	Grade [14]
Rabinstein and Wijdicks 2007	Retrospective	13 patients with spontaneous WAICH	Vitamin K and FFP in "doses deemed appropriate for each case." Neurosurgical intervention once INR < 1.4	Median time to reversal 6.5 h (INR < 1.4). Recovery in 65% of those patients who fully awoke within 36 h after evacuation	Low
Yasaka et al. 2005	Prospective	35 patients with WAICH	Varying doses of PCC (200- 1,500 IU) were given to see what the optimal dose was for INR correction	200 IU did not decrease 50% of the patients below 2.0 INR. 500 IU decreased the INR to < 1.5 in 96% of patients with initial INR < 5.0. All patients treated with 1,000 IU-1,500 IU had INR decrease to < 1.3	Low
Preston 2002	Prospective	10 patients with WAICH	PCC dose range 25-50 μg/kg was used in each patient as reversal as well as vitamin K 2-5 mg IV	Median INR was 3.98 prior to treatment and 20 min after treatment < 1.9 with almost all < 1.3	Low
Nitu et al. 1998	Retrospective	1 patient with WAICH; 17 patients on warfarin with other bleeding	Factor IX and factor VII concentrate given to patients	INR in the patient with ICH went from 5.9 to post-treatment 1.8 within 15 min	Low
Lee et al. 2006	Retrospective	45 patients with WAICH	Varying doses of FFP and vitamin K were given for reversal	The median time for door to INR normalization was 30 h (14 to 49.5), with 4 patients' hematomas enlarging after INR normalization	Low