Table 3.
Changes in primary and secondary outcomes
| Variable | Studies (#) | Participants (#) | ES (#) |
 (95% CI) |
Q(p) | I2(%) | 95% PI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary Outcomes | |||||||
| - TC (mg/dl) | 6 | 559 | 8 | -15.5 (-20.3, -10.7)a | 221.0 (<0.001)a | 96.8 | -32.1, 1.1 |
| - HDL-C (mg/dl) | 6 | 559 | 8 | -0.5 (-4.0, 3.1) | 1678.9 (<0.001)a | 99.6 | -13.6, 12.6 |
| - TC:HDL-C | 4 | 429 | 6 | -0.4 (-0.7, -0.2)a | 11.5 (0.04)a | 56.7 | -1.0, 0.1 |
| - LDL-C (mg/dl) | 6 | 559 | 8 | -9.2 (-12.7, -5.8)a | 143.5 (<0.001)a | 95.1 | -21, 2.5 |
| - TG (mg/dl) | 6 | 559 | 8 | -10.6 (-17.2, -4.0)a | 691.9 (<0.001)a | 99.0 | -32.5, 11.3 |
| Secondary Outcomes | |||||||
| - Body weight (kg) | 5 | 481 | 7 | -5.7 (-7.4, -4.1)a | 26.7 (<0.001)a | 77.5 | -11.0, -0.5 |
| - BMI (kg/m2) | 4 | 217 | 4 | -1.5 (-2.1, -0.8)a | 11.7 (0.008)a | 74.3 | -4.2, 1.3 |
| - WHR | 3 | 312 | 4 | -0.01(-0.015, 0.003) | 4.0 (0.3) | 25.8 | -0.03, 0.02 |
| - VO2max(ml.kg-1.min-1) | 4 | 384 | 5 | 5.1 (2.7, 7.5)a | 33.2 (<0.001)a | 88.0 | -3.9, 14.1 |
| - Kilocalories (total) | 4 | 450 | 6 | -283 (-453, -114)a | 17.5 (0.004)a | 71.5 | -805, 238 |
| - Carbohydrates (%) | 4 | 323 | 5 | 6.0 (4.0, 8.0)a | 18.6 (0.001)a | 78.4 | -1.1, 13.2 |
| - Total fat (%) | 5 | 493 | 7 | -7.6 (-9.8, -5.3)a | 54.1 (<0.001)a | 88.9 | -15.3, 0.2 |
| - Saturated fat (%) | 4 | 348 | 5 | -4.2 (-5.4, -3.1)a | 24.3 (<0.001)a | 83.6 | -8.5, 0.1 |
| - Cholesterol (mg) | 3 | 386 | 5 | -115 (-148, -83)a | 10.3 (<0.04)a | 61.2 | -222, -9.0 |
Notes: ES, effect sizes; #, number in which data were available for; (95% CI), mean and 95% confidence interval; Q(p), Cochran's Q statistic for heterogeneity and alpha value; I2 (%), percent inconsistency statistic; 95% PI, 95% prediction intervals for a new study; astatistically significant; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC:HDL-C, TC:HDL-C ratio; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist to hip ratio; VO2max, maximum oxygen consumption; %, percentage of total kilocalorie intake; To convert TC, HDL-C and LDL-C from mg/dl to mmol, divide by 38.46; To convert TG from mg/dl to mmol, divide by 87.72.