Table 2.
Odds ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) for pregnancy outcomes associated with different measures of abuse before and during pregnancy (1)
| Preterm birth | Small for gestational age | Postpartum depression (2) | ||||
| Unadjusted | Adjusted* | Unadjusted | Adjusted* | Unadjusted | Adjusted* | |
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Any abuse, any timing | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.3) | 2.3 (1.7, 3.2) | 2.5 (1.7, 3.5) |
| Any abuse during pregnancy | 1.3 (0.7, 1.8) | 1.2 (0.6, 2.1) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.8) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) | 2.5 (1.4, 4.2) | 2.6 (1.5, 4.6) |
| Any abuse before and during pregnancy | 1.6 (0.8, 3.5) | 1.4 (0.6, 3.2) | 1.3 (0.6, 2.8) | 1.2 (0.6, 2.6) | 3.2 (1.6, 6.2) | 3.4 (1.7, 6.8) |
| Abuse items | ||||||
| By type, during pregnancy | ||||||
| Could have hurt or threats | 1.1 (0.5, 2.1) | 1.0 (0.5, 2.0) | 1.1 (0.6, 1.9) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.9) | 2.4 (1.4, 4.2) | 2.2 (1.2, 4.1) |
| Physical or sexual | 1.8 (0.9, 3.4) | 1.7 (0.8, 3.3) | 1.0 (0.5, 2.1) | 1.0 (0.5, 2.0) | 2.6 (1.4, 4.8) | 2.3 (1.2, 4.4) |
| Both combined | 1.5 (0.7, 3.3) | 1.3 (0.6, 3.1) | 1.1 (0.5, 2.3) | 1.0 (0.4, 2.2) | 3.1 (1.6, 6.0) | 3.3 (1.6, 6.7) |
| By type, before and during pregnancy | ||||||
| Could have hurt or threats | 1.7 (0.7, 3.8) | 1.5 (0.6, 3.7) | 1.4 (0.6, 3.0) | 1.3 (0.6, 2.8) | 3.2 (1.6, 6.4) | 2.8 (1.4, 5.7) |
| Physical or sexual | 2.1 (1.0, 4.5) | 1.9 (0.8, 4.3) | 1.5 (0.7, 3.2) | 1.4 (0.6, 3.1) | 3.1 (1.5, 6.2) | 2.7 (1.3, 5.7) |
| Both combined | 2.2 (1.0, 5.0) | 1.9 (0.8, 4.7) | 1.5 (0.7, 3.5) | 1.3 (0.6, 3.2) | 3.9 (1.9, 7.9) | 4.1 (1.9, 8.9) |
| By frequency, during pregnancy | ||||||
| Per 1 additional episode | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) |
| By frequency, before and during pregnancy | ||||||
| Per 1 additional episode | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.1) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.2) | 1.2 (1.1, 1.3) |
| By perpetrator, during pregnancy | ||||||
| Partner/husband/boyfriend | 1.1 (0.5, 2.5) | 0.9 (0.4, 2.2) | 1.2 (0.6, 2.5) | 1.1 (0.5, 2.3) | 3.9 (2.4, 6.5) | 3.8 (2.2, 6.7) |
| Family/friend/stranger/other | 1.4 (0.6, 3.0) | 1.3 (0.6, 2.9) | 0.8 (0.3, 2.0) | 1.0 (0.5, 2.2) | 1.4 (0.7, 2.8) | 1.6 (0.8, 3.0) |
| By perpetrator, before and during pregnancy | ||||||
| Partner/husband/boyfriend | 2.1 (0.9, 5.0) | 1.8 (0.7, 4.3) | 2.1 (0.9, 4.8) | 1.8 (0.8, 4.4) | 4.5 (2.4, 8.4) | 4.3 (2.1, 8.7) |
| Family/friend/stranger/other | Not reliable | Not reliable | Not reliable | Not reliable | Not reliable | Not reliable |
(1) For all comparisons, the reference group is composed of non-abused women
(2) Restricted to women who were not diagnosed with depression before pregnancy or did not take antidepressants before pregnancy
* Adjusted for maternal age groups, marital status, immigration status, and living in a low income household