TABLE 1.

Clinical data

Cohort	n	Age (years)	Age	Sex (women/men)	T1D+CD	Early onset T1D	Long-lasting T1D
T1D	10	3–58	29 ± 5.2	7/3	5 of 10	3 of 10	7 of 10
Healthy	16	2–68	11.6 ± 4	10/6	NA	NA	NA
CD	20	2–19	7.9 ± 1.2	15/5	NA	NA	NA

Data are means ± SD unless otherwise indicated. All patients (N = 46) underwent esophago-gastro-duodenal endoscopy for a clinical suspect of CD. The diagnosis of CD was made out of the histological examination of the intestinal mucosa and of the presence of antitissue transglutaminase antibodies (>95% of celiac individuals were tissue transglutaminase IgG and IgA positive). Hence, all the patients with CD were on a normal (not gluten-free) diet at the time of biopsy collection. HC subjects and patients affected only by T1D were all tissue transglutaminase IgG/IgA negative (100%). The mean age in the T1D group was higher than that of control individuals (healthy individuals and subjects with CD); however, we found no statistical correlation between age and the percentage of CD4⁺CD25⁺FoxP3⁺CD127⁻ Treg cells in the gut mucosa (r² = 0.05). Early onset T1D, <6 months from diagnosis; long-lasting T1D, ≥6 months from diagnosis. All samples analyzed were donated for research purposes and each individual signed an informed consent.