TABLE 1.
Maternal, paternal, and infant’s characteristics by sex (N = 342)
| Variable | Boys (n = 192) | Girls (n = 150) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parental characteristics | |||
| Center (Nancy University Hospital) | 54.2 | 63.3 | 0.09 |
| Maternal age (years) | 29.9 ± 4.5 | 29.8 ± 5.0 | 0.84 |
| Parity (multipara) | 59.4 | 52.7 | 0.22 |
| Maternal BMI | |||
| Thin | 6.9 | 7.3 | 0.11 |
| Normal | 70.9 | 62.7 | |
| Overweight | 17.5 | 20.7 | |
| Obese | 4.8 | 9.3 | |
| Maternal BMI (kg/m2) | 22.9 ± 3.9 | 23.5 ± 4.6 | 0.20 |
| Gestational weight gain (kg) | 9.4 ± 5.0 | 9.6 ± 5.2 | 0.81 |
| GDM | 3.6 | 7.3 | 0.13 |
| Maternal plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 113 ± 26 | 113.5 ± 26 | 0.84 |
| Paternal BMI | |||
| Thin/normal | 48.0 | 53.6 | 0.29 |
| Overweight | 40.8 | 37.7 | |
| Obese | 11.2 | 8.7 | |
| Offspring's characteristics at birth | |||
| Gestational age (weeks) | 39.5 ± 1.5 | 39.5 ± 1.4 | 0.73 |
| Birth weight (g) | 3,427 ± 485 | 3,274 ± 418 | 0.002 |
| Length at birth (cm) | 50.0 ± 2.4 | 49.1 ± 2.2 | <0.001 |
| Sum of skinfolds (mm)* | 8.5 ± 1.5 | 8.8 ± 1.5 | 0.12 |
| C-peptide (mmol/L) | 0.81 ± 0.43 | 0.95 ± 0.49 | 0.01 |
| IGF-I (ng/mL) | 72.5 ± 33.1 | 81.7 ± 36.1 | 0.01 |
| Feeding mode in the first 3 months | |||
| Exclusive breastfeeding | 35.0 | 27.6 | 0.40 |
| Mixed feeding | 39.5 | 47.0 | |
| Exclusive formula feeding | 25.4 | 25.4 | |
| Offspring's characteristics at 1 year | |||
| Weight (kg) | 10.2 ± 1.1 | 9.5 ± 1.0 | <0.0001 |
| Length (cm) | 75.7 ± 2.8 | 73.9 ± 2.3 | <0.0001 |
| Sum of skinfolds (mm)* | 15.1 ± 3.1 | 15.1 ± 2.7 | 0.85 |
Data are percentage or means ± SD. Boldface type represents P ≤ 0.05 or clinically significant.
*Sum of tricipital and subscapular skinfolds.