Table 5.
Cross-country comparison of progressivity indices (distributional incidence of health care financing)
| Country | Year | Financing mechanisms | Total financing | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direct tax | Indirect tax | NHI/SHI contributions | OOP or direct payments | |||
| Africa | ||||||
| Ghana | 2005/2006 | 0.202 | 0.057 | 0.144 | -0.068 | 0.071 |
| South Africa | 2005/2006 | - | - | - | -0.0259 | 0.065 |
| Asian countries | ||||||
| Bangladesh | 1999/2000 | 0.552 | 0.111 | - | 0.219 | 0.214 |
| Thailand | 2002 | 0.510 | 0.182 | 0.180 | 0.091 | 0.197 |
| Phillippines | 1999 | 0.381 | 0.002 | 0.205 | 0.139 | 0.163 |
| Malaysia | 1998/1999 | 0.395 | -0.078 | 0.081 | 0.104 | 0.186 |
| Taiwan | 2000 | 0.244 | 0.040 | -0.075 | -0.079 | -0.029 |
| Sri-Lanka | 1996/1997 | 0.569 | -0.010 | - | 0.069 | 0.085 |
| Indonesia | 2001 | 0.196 | 0.074 | 0.306 | 0.176 | 0.173 |
| China | 2000 | 0.152 | 0.040 | 0.235 | -0.017 | 0.040 |
| Nepal | 1995/1996 | 0.144 | 0.114 | - | 0.053 | 0.063 |
| Japan | 1998 | 0.100 | -0.223 | -0.042 | -0.269 | -0.069 |
| OECD countries | ||||||
| Portugal | 1980 | 0.279 | 0.079 | 0.277 | -0.158 | 0.063 |
| The Netherlands | 1987 | 0.185 | -0.009 | -0.002 | -0.059 | -0.034 |
| Spain | 1980 | 0.170 | 0.023 | -0.063 | 0.016 | -0.023 |
| Italy | 1987 | 0.054 | 0.001 | 0.028 | -0.004 | 0.022 |
| USA | 1981 | 0.162 | -0.174 | -0.035 | -0.387 | -0.145 |
| UK | 1985 | 0.131 | -0.059 | 0.043 | -0.190 | 0.032 |
| Ireland | 1987 | 0.250 | -0.120 | 0.110 | -0.070 | 0.034 |