Table 5.
Association between neighbourhood walkability and ≥ 60 mins/week of walking (transport, recreation and total) using different computations of land use mix
| Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | Model 4d | Model 5e | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WI Quartile | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value | OR (95% CI) | p-value |
| Transport walking ≥ 60 min/week: | ||||||||||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Med-Low | 1.32 (0.91,1.90) | 0.143 | 1.42 (0.98,2.05) | 0.064 | 1.40 (0.97,2.02) | 0.071 | 0.77 (0.53,1.13) | 0.184 | 1.31 (0.91,1.89) | 0.151 |
| Med-High | 1.06 (0.72,1.54) | 0.779 | 1.00 (0.68,1.48) | 0.984 | 1.29 (0.89,1.87) | 0.187 | 1.25 (0.88,1.78) | 0.204 | 1.29 (0.89,1.86) | 0.181 |
| High | 2.02 (1.43,2.87) | < 0.01 | 2.24 (1.58,3.18) | < 0.01 | 1.78 (1.25,2.55) | < 0.01 | 1.47 (1.05,2.07) | 0.026 | 1.77 (1.24,2.52) | < 0.01 |
| Trend (quartiles) | 1.23 (1.10,1.37) | < 0.01 | 1.25 (1.12,1.40) | < 0.01 | 1.18 (1.05,1.32) | < 0.01 | 1.18 (1.06,1.32) | < 0.01 | 1.19 (1.06,1.33) | < 0.01 |
| Trend (z-score) | 1.11 (1.06,1.17) | < 0.01 | 1.12 (1.06,1.18) | < 0.01 | 1.11 (1.05,1.17) | < 0.01 | 1.11 (1.05,1.17) | < 0.01 | 1.10 (1.04,1.16) | < 0.01 |
| Residential density (z-score)* | 1.03 (0.91,1.17) | 0.635 | 1.03 (0.90,1.17) | 0.689 | 1.05 (0.93,1.19) | 0.438 | 1.05 (0.93,1.19) | 0.432 | 1.06 (0.94,1.20) | 0.352 |
| Connectivity (z-score)* | 1.22 (1.07,1.39) | < 0.01 | 1.22 (1.07,1.39) | < 0.01 | 1.21 (1.07,1.38) | < 0.01 | 1.21 (1.06,1.38) | < 0.01 | 1.21 (1.06,1.38) | < 0.01 |
| Land use mix (z-score)* | 1.12 (0.99,1.28) | 0.068 | 1.14 (1.01,1.29) | 0.037 | 1.07 (0.95,1.21) | 0.282 | 1.09 (0.97,1.24) | 0.156 | 1.04 (0.92,1.18) | 0.537 |
| Recreation walking ≥ 60 min/week: | ||||||||||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Med-Low | 0.91 (0.70,1.19) | 0.502 | 0.91 (0.69,1.19) | 0.472 | 0.98 (0.75,1.28) | 0.866 | 0.96 (0.73,1.26) | 0.757 | 0.86 (0.66,1.13) | 0.285 |
| Med-High | 0.86 (0.66,1.13) | 0.278 | 0.85 (0.65,1.11) | 0.241 | 0.99 (0.75,1.30) | 0.937 | 1.09 (0.83,1.42) | 0.540 | 1.03 (0.78,1.34) | 0.849 |
| High | 1.10 (0.84,1.44) | 0.482 | 1.12 (0.86,1.46) | 0.412 | 1.29 (0.99,1.69) | 0.062 | 1.29 (0.98,1.68) | 0.065 | 1.24 (0.95,1.63) | 0.110 |
| Trend (quartiles) | 1.02 (0.94,1.11) | 0.591 | 1.03 (0.94,1.12) | 0.525 | 1.08 (0.99,1.18) | 0.071 | 1.09 (1.00,1.19) | 0.041 | 1.09 (1.00,1.18) | 0.054 |
| Trend (z-score) | 1.02 (0.97,1.06) | 0.496 | 1.01 (0.97,1.06) | 0.529 | 1.02 (0.98,1.07) | 0.309 | 1.04 (0.99,1.09) | 0.085 | 1.03 (0.98,1.07) | 0.254 |
| Residential density (z-score)* | 1.03 (0.93,1.15) | 0.560 | 1.03 (0.93,1.15) | 0.539 | 1.02 (0.92,1.14) | 0.689 | 1.01 (0.91,1.12) | 0.850 | 1.02 (0.92,1.13) | 0.708 |
| Connectivity (z-score)* | 1.03 (0.93,1.14) | 0.594 | 1.03 (0.93,1.14) | 0.595 | 1.03 (0.93,1.14) | 0.610 | 1.02 (0.92,1.13) | 0.684 | 1.02 (0.92,1.14) | 0.648 |
| Land use mix (z-score)* | 0.98 (0.89,1.08) | 0.708 | 0.98 (0.88,1.08) | 0.625 | 1.02 (0.92,1.13) | 0.696 | 1.10 (1.00,1.21) | 0.054 | 1.03 (0.94,1.14) | 0.509 |
| Total walking ≥ 60 min/week: | ||||||||||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| Med-Low | 0.96 (0.74,1.25) | 0.774 | 1.00 (0.77,1.30) | 0.991 | 1.14 (0.87,1.48) | 0.347 | 0.92 (0.70,1.20) | 0.530 | 0.94 (0.72,1.23) | 0.651 |
| Med-High | 0.94 (0.72,1.22) | 0.625 | 0.92 (0.71,1.20) | 0.544 | 1.07 (0.82,1.40) | 0.604 | 1.08 (0.83,1.41) | 0.556 | 1.03 (0.79,1.34) | 0.828 |
| High | 1.35 (1.04,1.77) | 0.026 | 1.38 (1.05,1.79) | 0.019 | 1.48 (1.14,1.94) | < 0.01 | 1.36 (1.05,1.78) | 0.022 | 1.39 (1.06,1.81) | 0.016 |
| Trend (quartiles) | 1.09 (1.00,1.19) | 0.041 | 1.09 (1.00,1.19) | 0.043 | 1.12 (1.03,1.22) | < 0.01 | 1.12 (1.03,1.21) | 0.011 | 1.11 (1.02,1.21) | 0.012 |
| Trend (z-score) | 1.06 (1.01,1.11) | 0.011 | 1.06 (1.01,1.11) | 0.011 | 1.06 (1.01,1.11) | 0.010 | 1.08 (1.03,1.13) | < 0.01 | 1.06 (1.01,1.11) | 0.011 |
| Residential density (z-score)* | 1.04 (0.93,1.15) | 0.525 | 1.04 (0.93,1.15) | 0.524 | 1.04 (0.93,1.16) | 0.476 | 1.04 (0.93,1.15) | 0.526 | 1.04 (0.94,1.16) | 0.422 |
| Connectivity (z-score)* | 1.08 (0.97,1.20) | 0.156 | 1.08 (0.97,1.20) | 0.154 | 1.07 (0.97,1.19) | 0.174 | 1.07 (0.96,1.19) | 0.204 | 1.07 (0.97,1.19) | 0.197 |
| Land use mix (z-score)* | 1.07 (0.97,1.18) | 0.202 | 1.07 (0.97,1.18) | 0.202 | 1.07 (0.97,1.18) | 0.179 | 1.13 (1.03,1.25) | 0.011 | 1.06 (0.96,1.17) | 0.230 |
OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; *Denotes multivariate association; a Model 1 = Residential+Retail+Office+Health, welfare & community; b Model 2 = Model 1+Entertainment, culture & recreation; c Model 3 = Model 2+Public Open Space, Sporting infrastructure & Primary and rural; d Model 4 = Model 3+Unclassified land; e Model 5 = Residential+Retail+Health, welfare & community+Entertainment, culture & recreation+Public open space, Sporting infrastructure & Primary and rural. All models adjusted for gender, age, education level, marital status and presence of children at home.