Table 6.

Detection of HCV proteins in various tissues in chronic HCV-infected individuals

Patients, special groups	Method	Proteins	Evidence for NS proteins	References
Acute/chronic	IF	NS3, NS4	NS4 but not NS3 in hepatocytes	[207]
Acute/chronic, IFN α-treated	IF	NS5	17/20 PBMC positive for NS5, all in cytoplasm	[165]
Co-infected, cadavers	IHC	NS5A	Astrocytes and microglial cells in CNS (macrophages) positive	[47]
Co-infected	SUSHI	NS5A	CD14+CD16++ (DC) and CD14++CD16++ (macrophages); not CD14++CD16- (monocytes)	[45]
Co-infected	IHC	NS3	Liver: NS3 more associated with replication than core;	[55]
End-stage liver disease	IHC	NS3	NS3 stained lymph nodes-probably B cells, but likely T and other cells	[41]
HCC	IHC	Core, E2, NS4, NS5	Hepatocytes positive, some mononuclear	[200]
HCC/Cardiomyolitis	IHC	Core, NS4B	Core, NS4B-mostly in macrophages	[109]
NHL, MC	IHC	Core, NS4	Core salivary parotid epithelial, none for NS4	[42]
MC	IHC	Core, NS4	Both liver and skin positive in some samples were positive	[208]
MC	RIBA (Ortho)	NS4	17/37 Sera positive for anti-NS4 antibodies	[209]
MC	IHC	Core, E2, NS4, NS5	3/12 NS4, 5/12 NS5 kidneys; 2/12, 3/12 capillaries; 2/12, 4/12 blood vessels	[49]
Chronic	IHC	NS3, NS5a	3/4 Liver; 4/10 Intestinal with NS3, 3 also with NS5a	[48]
Chronic	IHC	NS4	Hepatocytes, not monocytes, not endothelial, not bile duct epithelium	[210]
Chronic	IF	Core, NS4	4/11 monocytes and B; 3/11 T cells in BM; 1/11 T in PBMC	[46]
Chronic	IHC	NS4	6/14 livers; hepatocytes stained, no mention of non-hepatocytes	[206]
Chronic	IHC	NS4	NS4 mainly in hepatocytes, some Kupffer, bile duct, mononuclear	[211]
Chronic	IF	E2, NS3, NS4 NS5	NS3: mostly CD8+ T, CD20+ B, some CD4+ T. No CD14+ cells found	[108]
Chronic	Confocal	NS5	CD4+, CD8+, B, and M all stained positive (0.02-0.1%) for NS5	[58]
Chronic	IHC	Core, NS4	9/12 for both Core and NS4 in hepatocytes and some monocytes	[201]

Key: HCC = hepatocellular carcinoma; MC = mixed cryoglubulinemia; NHL = Non-hodgkin's lymphoma. IF = immunofluorescence; IHC = immunohistochemistry.