Table 1.
Characteristics of Tobago Family Study Participants: Total and Comparisons Between Genders
| |
Total (n=471) |
Men (n=187) |
Women (n=284) |
Unadjusted P value |
Adjusted P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | |||||
| Age (years) | 42.7±0.8 | 42.7±1.2 | 42.7±1.0 | 0.99 | N.A. |
| Lifestyle factors | |||||
| Alcohol use (%) | 13.2% | 29.6% | 2.5% | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Current smoking (%) | 4.9 | 11.4 | 0.7 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Walked in the past week (%) | 69.9% | 73.1% | 67.8% | 0.22 | 0.76 |
| Reproductive traits | |||||
| Oral contraceptives (%) | N.A. | N.A. | 32.9% | N.A. | N.A. |
| Everp (%) | N.A. | N.A. | 77.1% | N.A. | N.A. |
| Postmenopausal status (%) | N.A. | N.A. | 31.9% | N.A. | N.A. |
| Anthropometrics and calf muscle composition | |||||
| BMI (kg/m2)a | 28.3±6.4 | 26.3±4.6 | 28.5±6.3 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Waist (cm)a | 89.9±15.4 | 90.3±11.7 | 88.3±16.8 | 0.83 | 0.84 |
| DXA total body adipose tissue (%)b | 28.7±10.9 | 18.6±6.3 | 35.4±7.7 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Total adipose tissue (mm2)b | 2500±1224 | 1655±790 | 3072±1131 | 0.35 | 0.35 |
| Subcutaneous adipose tissue (mm2)c | 2172±1168 | 1341±712 | 2734±1079 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Intramuscular adipose tissue (mm2)c | 202±269 | 169±204 | 225±304 | 0.48 | 0.005 |
| Muscle Density (mg/cm3)d | 73.7±5.0 | 75.4±4.1 | 72.4±5.2 | <0.001 | 0.016 |
| Muscle Area (mm2)b | 6640±1226 | 7415±1121 | 6116±996 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Markers of inflammation and type 2 diabetes mellitus* | |||||
| CRP (mg/L)e | 2.1±2.8 | 1.5±2.1 | 2.5±3.1 | 0.00015 | 0.009 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL)e | 2.7±2.2 | 2.3±1.6 | 3.0±2.5 | 0.0001 | 0.011 |
| TNF-α (pg/mL)e | 2.4±2.3 | 2.3±2.1 | 2.5±2.5 | 0.17 | 0.43 |
| Glucose (mg/dl)f | 87.5±29.1 | 84.7±22 | 89.4±33.1 | 0.18 | 0.12 |
| Insulin (μU/ml)f | 15.1±9.8 | 13.5±7.4 | 16.9±10.9 | 0.0008 | <0.001 |
| HOMAf | 3.6±2.7 | 3.0±1.8 | 3.9±3.1 | 0.0009 | 0.05 |
| Medical conditions and medication use | |||||
| Obesity (%) | 33.9% | 20.0% | 43.1% | <0.001 | — |
| T2DM (%) | 9.9% | 7.6% | 11.4% | 0.22 | — |
| Impaired fasting glucose (%) | 9.1% | 7.7% | 10.1% | 0.42 | — |
| Anti-inflammatory drugs (%) | 3% | 1.6% | 3.9% | 0.15 | — |
| Antidiabetic drugs (%) | 6.7% | 4.7% | 8.1% | 0.16 | — |
Data are presented as unadjusted means±standard deviation (SD).
Adjusted for age.
Adjusted for age and height.
Adjusted for age, height, and DXA total body adipose tissue.
Adjusted for age, height, DXA total body adipose tissue, and pQCT muscle area.
Adjusted for age, DXA total body adipose tissue, and current anti-inflammatory medication use.
Adjusted for age, DXA total body adipose tissue, and current antidiabetic medication use.
Data available for 401 individuals.
BMI, body mass index; DXA, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry; CRP, C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; HOMA, homestasis model assessment; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.