Overexpressing NADH dehydrogenase increases the intracellular NAD/NADH ratio and life span. (A) Measurements of NADH (closed bars, left panel) and NAD (open bars, right panel) levels in cells overexpressing Nde1 and Nde2. The results show the average of four independent experiments, each conducted in duplicate. Error bars denote standard deviations. (B) Life-span analysis of cells overexpressing Nde1 and Nde2 grown in 2% and 0.5% glucose. Average life spans on 2% glucose: +vectors, 19.4; +Nde1-oe, +Nde2-oe: 27.2. Average life spans on 0.5% glucose: +vectors, 25.8; +Nde1-oe, +Nde2-oe: 27.1. (+ vectors) Cells carrying control vectors ppp35 and ppp81; (+Nde1-oe, +Nde2-oe) cells overexpressing Nde1 and Nde2.