TABLE 6.
Effects of low-dairy (LD) compared with adequate-dairy (AD) diets on inflammatory biomarkers in overweight and obese subjects with metabolic syndrome1
| Biomarker and obesity status | Diet | Baseline | Change from baseline | P value | ||
| Day 7 | Day 28 | Day 84 | ||||
| TNF-α (nmol/L) | ||||||
| Overweight | LD | 14.47 ± 4.03 | 0.45 ± 0.24 | 0.36 ± 1.54 | 0.29 ± 1.99 | Diet, P < 0.01; diet × obesity, P < 0.01; diet × day, P < 0.01; day, NS; obesity status, NS |
| AD | 12.47 ± 1.61 | −2.34 ± 1.28 | −2.86 ± 1.13 | −2.62 ± 1.18 | ||
| Obese | LD | 15.09 ± 2.42 | 1.45 ± 1.25 | 1.58 ± 0.70 | 0.68 ± 1.30 | |
| AD | 18.55 ± 1.16 | −2.29 ± 1.58 | −3.60 ± 1.25 | −7.41 ± 0.71 | ||
| All | LD | 14.22 ± 2.87 | 0.79 ± 0.66 | 0.98 ± 1.69 | 0.49 ± 1.40 | |
| AD | 17.03 ± 3.18 | −2.31 ± 1.44 | −3.16 ± 1.36 | −5.99 ± 2.07 | ||
| MCP-1 (pg/mL) | ||||||
| Overweight | LD | 195.2 ± 36.2 | 23.7 ± 19.7 | −10.9 ± 11.0 | −22.1 ± 22.7 | Diet, P < 0.02; diet × day, P < 0.02; obesity status, NS; day, NS |
| AD | 134.8 ± 26.6 | −12.9 ± 18.8 | −32.1 ± 15.9 | −45.6 ± 9.3 | ||
| Obese | LD | 160.0 ± 47.7 | 7.0 ± 12.1 | 20.2 ± 10.9 | 28.8 ± 22.6 | |
| AD | 182.5 ± 66.8 | −24.5 ± 18.0 | −39.5 ± 24.7 | −45.5 ± 22.7 | ||
| All | LD | 165.9 ± 45.3 | 15.3 ± 3.0 | 15.6 ± 12.8 | 25.4 ± 23.1 | |
| AD | 176.6 ± 59.8 | −18.7 ± 11.5 | −35.7 ± 19.9 | −45.3 ± 29.9 | ||
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | ||||||
| Overweight | LD | 25.3 ± 4.3 | −0.7 ± 0.9 | −2.8 ± 2.5 | 1.8 ± 2.2 | Diet, P < 0.02; diet × obesity status × day, P < 0.01; day, NS; obesity status, NS |
| AD | 31.2 ± 3.4 | −3.7 ± 0.9 | −11.0 ± 1.9 | −9.3 ± 1.1 | ||
| Obese | LD | 44.2 ± 4.1 | 2.7 ± 2.6 | 0.4 ± 1.8 | −1.3 ± 1.5 | |
| AD | 41.6 ± 2.7 | −11.0 ± 2.7 | −13.4 ± 2.3 | −18.1 ± 3.3 | ||
| All | LD | 31.8 ± 1.6 | 1.0 ± 2.6 | −1.5 ± 2.9 | 0.3 ± 3.8 | |
| AD | 37.4 ± 2.9 | −8.0 ± 2.2 | −12.2 ± 3.2 | −13.7 ± 3.8 | ||
| CRP (ng/mL) | ||||||
| Overweight | LD | 29.8 ± 19.5 | 8.6 ± 11.6 | 2.3 ± 4.2 | 4.5 ± 9.3 | Diet, P < 0.02; diet × obesity status × day, P < 0.02; obesity status, NS; day, NS |
| AD | 15.0 ± 8.9 | −6.9 ± 4.7 | −7.6 ± 4.1 | −6.4 ± 4.4 | ||
| Obese | LD | 27.0 ± 15.6 | 7.6 ± 9.7 | 2.5 ± 3.1 | −6.7 ± 11.2 | |
| AD | 24.5 ± 16.6 | −3.0 ± 2.4 | −3.3 ± 2.8 | −11.7 ± 6.6 | ||
| All | LD | 24.8 ± 15.3 | 8.1 ± 4.9 | 2.4 ± 3.2 | −1.1 ± 5.5 | |
| AD | 21.9 ± 14.5 | −5.0 ± 2.8 | −5.5 ± 3.7 | −9.1 ± 5.3 | ||
| Adiponectin (ng/mL) | ||||||
| Overweight | LD | 15.73 ± 4.55 | 2.62 ± 2.63 | −4.02 ± 3.72 | −2.31 ± 2.64 | Diet, P < 0.01; diet × day, P < 0.021; diet × obesity status × day, P < 0.01 |
| AD | 21.08 ± 6.62 | 3.18 ± 2.80 | 3.19 ± 2.62 | 5.27 ± 2.16 | ||
| Obese | LD | 22.24 ± 7.93 | −1.62 ± 3.37 | 0.89 ± 5.31 | −3.22 ± 4.8 | |
| AD | 16.85 ± 6.09 | 5.17 ± 3.35 | 6.56 ± 2.03 | 11.82 ± 3.06 | ||
| All | LD | 21.16 ± 7.65 | −0.55 ± 1.82 | −1.56 ± 5.38 | −2.98 ± 1.59 | |
| AD | 18.26 ± 6.32 | 4.17 ± 2.44 | 4.89 ± 2.33 | 9.01 ± 5.64 | ||
1
All values are means ± SDs; n = 40 [20/group (10 overweight and 10 obese)]. TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; IL-6, interleukin-6; CRP, C-reactive protein.