Table 4.
Disease management mobile intervention studies
| Reference | Study characteristics | Intervention description | Theoretical basis | Interactivity | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kwon et al. [113] | N = 185 adult diabetes patients; pre–post | Glucose readings recorded via SMS, reviewed by provider who sent recommendations via SMS | None reported | Output manually adjusted just-in-time | HbA1c decreased 7.5% to 7.0% at 3 months |
| Leu et al. [75] | N = 50 adult diabetes patients; RCT of pager reminders vs. routine care | Two-way pager reminders for various diabetes self-management activities (customized) | None reported | Output manually adjusted at baseline | HbA1c decreased 8.5% to 8.2% for intervention vs. 8.5% to 7.9% for controls at 3 to 6 months |
| Ostojic et al. [114] | N = 26 adult asthma patients; RCT of text vs. no text message recording | Daily SMS recording of peak flow reviewed by provider who sent weekly treatment adjustment messages via text | None reported | Output manually adjusted just-in-time | FEV1 increased from 77.63% to 81.25% for intervention vs. 78.88% to 78.25% for controls at 16 weeks |
| Kim et al. [115] | N = 42 adult type 2 diabetes patients; pre–post | SMS messages sent by providers based on review of data provided by patient via Internet | None reported | Output manually adjusted just-in-time | Fasting plasma glucose decreased from 174 to 145.4 m/dL at 12 weeks |
| Kim et al. [116] | N = 45 adult type 2 diabetes patients; pre–post | Same as Kim et al. [116] | None reported | Output manually adjusted just-in-time | HbA1c decreased 8.1% to 7.0% at 12 weeks |
| Franklin et al. [63] | N = 92, age 8–18-year type 1 diabetes patients; RCT of conventional insulin therapy, conventional therapy with SMS, and intensive therapy with SMS | Personalized daily SMS messages to support diabetes management | Social Cognitive Theory | Output auto-adjusted at initiation | HbA1c decreased 10.0 to 9.2 for intensive therapy + SMS; no change in other groups |
| Rami et al. [70] | N = 36, age 10–19-year type 1 diabetes patients; randomized crossover design of intervention vs. usual care paper diary recording | SMS recording of blood glucose, insulin dose, and carbohydrate intake with weekly feedback (automated if OK, generated by diabetologists if adjustments needed) | None reported | Output manually adjusted just-in-time | HbA1c change of 9.1% to 8.9% (intervention) to 9.2% (control); and 8.9% to 9.9% (control) to 8.9% (intervention) at 3 and 6 months |
| Ma et al. [66] | N = 15 adult type 2 diabetes patients; pre–post | PDA dietary monitoring with glycemic index feedback used to augment a six-contact diabetes management intervention | None reported | Output auto-adjusted just-in-time | HbA1c decrease from 8.0% to 7.5% at 6 months |
| Kim and Jeong, [117] | N = 51 adult diabetes patients; pre–post | Same as Kim et al. [115] | None reported | Output manually adjusted just-in-time | HbA1c decreased from 8.1% to 7.0% for intervention and 7.6% to 7.7% for control at 6 months |
| Benhamou et al. [118] | N = 30 adult type 1 diabetes patients; randomized crossover of SMS feedback vs. self-monitoring only | Providers acknowledged receipt of weekly transmitted glucose logs and provided recommendations | None reported | Output manually adjusted just-in-time | HbA1c change of 8.3% to 8.2% for intervention and 8.2% to 8.3% at 6 months |
| Forjuoh et al. [67] | N = 43 adult type 2 diabetes patients; pre–post | PDA recording of blood glucose, medications, meals, exercise, etc., with summary output | None reported | Output auto-adjusted just-in-time | HbA1c reduction from 9.7% to 8.0% at 6 months |
| Logan et al. [74] | N = 33 adult hypertensive type 2 diabetes patients; pre–post | Mobile phone obtained and transmitted BP measurements; summary data available and alerts sent to patients if BP out of range (take additional measures, contact physician) | None reported | Output auto-adjusted just-in-time | 24-h ambulatory systolic BP decreased from 141 to 132 over 2 weeks |
| Quinn et al. [71] | N = 30 type 2 diabetes patients; RCT of automated glucose transmission via phone vs. faxing or calling in glucose logs every 2 weeks | Mobile phone wirelessly obtained and transmitted glucose readings with real-time feedback and lifestyle recommendations provided via mobile phone application | None reported | Output auto-adjusted initially and just-in-time | HbA1c decrease of 9.51% to 7.48% for intervention vs. 9.05% to 8.37% at 3 months |
| Yoon et al. [119] | N = 51; RCT of intervention vs. usual care | Same as Kim et al. [115] | None reported | Output manually adjusted just-in-time | HbA1c change of 8.09% to 6.77% for intervention vs. 7.59 to 8.40 for control at 12 months |
| Newton et al. [120] | N = 78, age 11–18-year diabetes patients; RCT of mobile intervention vs. usual care | Weekly SMS reminders to wear pedometer and be active | None reported | Output not adjusted | Median step count decreased by 22 steps for intervention vs. 840 steps for control at 12 weeks |
| Turner et al. [72] | N = 23 type 2 diabetes patients; pre–post | Mobile phone wirelessly obtained and transmitted glucose readings; real-time feedback of input and semi-automated messages for self-management | None reported | Output auto-adjusted initially and just-in-time | HbA1c decrease from 9.5% to 9.0% at 3 months |
| Hanauer et al. [76] | N = 40, age 12–25-year diabetes patients; RCT of SMS vs. email reminders | Customized schedule for SMS reminders to obtain blood glucose readings. Reading submitted via SMS resulted in positive feedback if in range, and instructions if out of range | None reported | Output auto-adjusted initially and just-in-time | HbA1c change of 8.8% to 8.7% for intervention and 8.6% to 8.8% for control at 3 months |
| Cho et al. [73] | N = 69 type 2 diabetes patients; RCT of phone vs. internet diabetes monitoring and management | Combination mobile phone and glucometer transmitting glucose reading to provider who sent treatment adjustments via SMS | None reported | Output manually adjusted just-in-time | HbA1c decrease of 8.3% to 7.1% for phone program and 7.6% to 6.9% for Internet program |
| Strandbygaard et al. [77] | N = 54 adult asthma patients; RCT of SMS vs. no SMS | Daily SMS reminder to take asthma medication | None reported | Output not adjusted | Inhaler dose adherence from 77.9% to 81.5% for intervention vs. 84.2% to 70.1% for control at 12 weeks |
| Prabhakaran et al. [121] | N = 120 adult asthma patients; RCT of SMS vs. no SMS | Daily × 2 weeks, then weekly SMS messages to obtain symptom and medication adherence data; weekly SMS feedback on progress | None reported | Output auto-adjusted initially and just-in-time | Asthma Control Test improvement (to score ≥20) in 62% of SMS vs. 49% of controls |
BP blood pressure