Table 2.
Group Comparison of Scaled Scores of Verbal Memory and Executive Functioning Measures
| Test of Between-Subjects Effects | Means and Standard deviations of measures | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bipolar Patients with Psychosis |
Bipolar Patients without Psychosis |
||||||||
| Measures | MD | MS | df | F | Sig. | Mean | SD | Mean | SD |
| Verbal Memory | |||||||||
| LM-I | 7.5 | 249.5 | 4.0 | 2.46* | 0.05 | 40.5 | 10.1 | 48.0 | 10.3 |
| LM-D | 8.2 | 154.5 | 4.0 | 3.49* | 0.05 | 38.9 | 6.80 | 47.1 | 11.3 |
| CVLT-AQ | 11.6 | 506.0 | 4.0 | 4.51** | 0.003 | 34.1 | 12.5 | 45.7 | 8.70 |
| CVLT-SD | 1.77 | 11.4 | 4.0 | 13.1*** | 0.0001 | −2.27 | 0.67 | −0.5 | 1.05 |
| CVLT-LD | 1.15 | 4.97 | 4.0 | 4.48** | 0.003 | −2.12 | 0.85 | −0.97 | 1.13 |
| CVLT-REC | 0.95 | 4.22 | 4.0 | 2.05 | 0.10 | −1.77 | 1.42 | −.082 | 1.41 |
| Executive Functioning | |||||||||
| FAS | 5.05 | 195.1 | 4.0 | 1.34 | 0.26 | 50.8 | 15.3 | 55.8 | 9.11 |
| Animals | 3.80 | 61.4 | 4.0 | 0.73 | 0.57 | 41.8 | 8.93 | 45.6 | 8.93 |
| Stroop-INT | 9.90 | 396.6 | 4.0 | 5.12*** | 0.001 | 41.0 | 8.09 | 50.9 | 9.21 |
| WCST-C | 1.45 | 8.67 | 4.0 | 5.19*** | 0.001 | 0.95 | 0.85 | 2.40 | 1.51 |
| WCST-N | 9.20 | 352.3 | 4.0 | 3.12* | 0.02 | 30.0 | 8.7 | 39.2 | 11.5 |
| WSCT-P | 3.00 | 147.1 | 4.0 | 7.82 | 0.13 | 37.5 | 10.2 | 40.5 | 8.35 |
Note: MD = Mean Difference, MS = Mean Square, SD = Standard Deviation, FAS = Controlled Oral Association Test, LM = Logical Memory (I = Immediate Recall, D = Delayed Recall), Stroop (CW = Color-Word Condition, INT = Interference), WCST = Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (C = number of categories completed, N = non-perseverative errors, P = perseverative errors), Sig. = Significance level (P value),
*
P<0.05,
**
P<0.01=
***
P<0.001.