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Absolute VAS pain scores associated with insertion of microneedles into skin. Pain scores are reported on a 100-mm VAS scale for insertion of microneedles to 500 μm, 750 μm, 1 mm and 4 mm depths and to 1 mm depth followed by 500 μm retraction. A 26 gauge hypodermic needle was also inserted. Data are the average of 10 replicates expressed as mean ± SD, except for 750 μm, where pain scores from T2, T7, T8 and T9 were averaged based on 40 replicates. * p < 0.05.
