Table 2.
Cumulative average, energy-adjusted intake of antioxidants and risk of endometrial cancer, Nurses’ Health Study cohort (1980–2006)
| Quintiles | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Ptrend | ||
| Vitamin A | |||||||
| Total | Median (IU/d) | 6268 | 9217 | 11796 | 14932 | 21098 | |
| Case # | 113 | 126 | 134 | 140 | 156 | ||
| RR (95% CI) | |||||||
| Age adjusted* | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.80–1.34) | 1.06 (0.82–1.36) | 1.06 (0.82–1.36) | 1.13 (0.89–1.45) | 0.30 | |
| Multi-adjusted† | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.78–1.30) | 1.01 (0.79–1.30) | 1.00 (0.78–1.29) | 1.09 (0.85–1.39) | 0.49 | |
| w/o supplements | Median (IU/d) | 5543 | 7812 | 9773 | 12165 | 16642 | |
| Case # | 105 | 120 | 126 | 174 | 144 | ||
| RR (95% CI) | |||||||
| Age adjusted* | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.82–1.38) | 1.07 (0.82–1.39) | 1.41 (1.10–1.80) | 1.12 (0.86–1.44) | 0.17 | |
| Multi-adjusted† | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.79–1.34) | 1.03 (0.79–1.34) | 1.33 (1.04–1.70) | 1.06 (0.82–1.36) | 0.37 | |
| Retinol activity equivalents | |||||||
| Total | Median (mcg/d) | 668 | 1010 | 1390 | 1960 | 3145 | |
| Case # | 110 | 143 | 128 | 145 | 143 | ||
| RR (95% CI) | |||||||
| Age adjusted* | 1.00 | 1.21 (0.94–1.55) | 1.04 (0.81–1.35) | 1.17 (0.81–1.49) | 1.11 (0.89–1.43) | 0.71 | |
| Multi-adjusted† | 1.00 | 1.14 (0.89–1.46) | 0.96 (0.74–1.24) | 1.07 (0.83–1.38) | 1.04 (0.81–1.34) | 0.98 | |
| w/o supplements | Median (mcg/d) | 579 | 782 | 952 | 1159 | 1548 | |
| Case # | 136 | 126 | 155 | 157 | |||
| RR (95% CI) | |||||||
| Age adjusted* | 1.00 | 1.34 (1.03–1.74) | 1.19 (0.91–1.55) | 1.40 (1.08–1.80) | 1.35 (1.05–1.75) | 0.05 | |
| Multi-adjusted† | 1.00 | 1.27 (0.98–1.65) | 1.10 (0.84–1.44) | 1.27 (0.98–1.64) | 1.10 (0.93–1.56) | 0.31 | |
| Vitamin C | |||||||
| Total | Median (mg/d) | 90 | 140 | 190 | 295 | 693 | |
| Case # | 115 | 133 | 138 | 146 | 137 | ||
| RR (95% CI) | |||||||
| Age adjusted* | 1.00 | 1.08 (0.84–1.39) | 1.07 (0.83–1.37) | 1.12 (0.88–1.44) | 1.02 (0.80–1.31) | 0.84 | |
| Multi-adjusted† | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.79–1.30) | 0.99 (0.77–1.27) | 1.05 (0.82–1.35) | 0.98 (0.76–1.25) | 0.79 | |
| w/o supplements | Median (mg/d) | 75 | 106 | 131 | 157 | 201 | |
| Case # | 108 | 126 | 144 | 133 | 158 | ||
| RR (95% CI) | |||||||
| Age adjusted* | 1.00 | 1.10 (0.85–1.42) | 1.21 (0.95–1.56) | 1.08 (0.84–1.40) | 1.23 (0.96–1.58) | 0.15 | |
| Multi-adjusted† | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.80–1.34) | 1.13 (0.84–1.45) | 0.99 (0.77–1.28) | 1.15 (0.90–1.48) | 0.35 | |
| Vitamin E | |||||||
| Total | Median (mg/d) | 6.2 | 8.1 | 10.5 | 17.6 | 129.3 | |
| Case # | 109 | 144 | 140 | 133 | 143 | ||
| RR (95% CI) | |||||||
| Age adjusted* | 1.00 | 1.28 (1.00–1.64) | 1.22 (0.95–1.56) | 1.14 (0.88–1.47) | 1.16 (0.90–1.49) | 0.99 | |
| Multi-adjusted† | 1.00 | 1.17 (0.92–1.51) | 1.10 (0.86–1.42) | 1.05 (0.81–1.36) | 1.07 (0.83–1.38) | 0.90 | |
| w/o supplements | Median (mg/d) | 5.7 | 6.7 | 7.4 | 8.2 | 9.6 | |
| Case # | 138 | 128 | 143 | 152 | |||
| RR (95% CI) | |||||||
| Age adjusted* | 1.00 | 1.24 (0.96–1.57) | 1.12 (0.87–1.45) | 1.21 (0.94–1.55) | 1.24 (0.96–1.58) | 0.17 | |
| Multi-adjusted† | 1.00 | 1.14 (0.89–1.47) | 1.00 (0.77–1.29) | 1.05 (0.82–1.35) | 1.08 (0.84–1.38) | 0.79 | |
| Total carotenoids | |||||||
| Median (IU/d) | 3821 | 5942 | 7720 | 10113 | 14641 | ||
| Case # | 104 | 132 | 135 | 157 | 141 | ||
| RR (95% CI) | |||||||
| Age adjusted* | 1.00 | 1.19 (0.92–1.55) | 1.18 (0.91–1.52) | 1.31 (1.02–1.68) | 1.13 (0.88–1.46) | 0.46 | |
| Multi-adjusted† | 1.00 | 1.18 (0.91–1.53) | 1.14 (0.88–1.48) | 1.26 (0.98–1.62) | 1.12 (0.86–1.45) | 0.53 | |
| α-carotene | |||||||
| Median (mcg/d) | 282 | 457 | 620 | 902 | 1487 | ||
| Case # | 114 | 118 | 134 | 154 | 149 | ||
| RR (95% CI) | |||||||
| Age adjusted* | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.76–1.28) | 1.08 (0.84–1.38) | 1.20 (0.94–1.53) | 1.14 (0.89–1.45) | 0.17 | |
| Multi-adjusted† | 1.00 | 0.98 (0.76–1.27) | 1.07 (0.83–1.37) | 1.16 (0.91–1.49) | 1.12 (0.87–1.43) | 0.24 | |
| β-carotene | |||||||
| Median (mcg/d) | 1930 | 2966 | 3952 | 5236 | 7748 | ||
| Case # | 110 | 127 | 145 | 148 | 139 | ||
| RR (95% CI) | |||||||
| Age adjusted* | 1.00 | 1.09 (0.85–1.41) | 1.21 (0.94–1.55) | 1.19 (0.93–1.52) | 1.08 (0.84–1.39) | 0.68 | |
| Multi-adjusted† | 1.00 | 1.09 (0.84–1.40) | 1.19 (0.93–1.53) | 1.15 (0.90–1.47) | 1.06 (0.83–1.37) | 0.80 | |
| Lycopene | |||||||
| Median (mcg/d) | 1843 | 3440 | 4408 | 5531 | 7444 | ||
| Case # | 136 | 135 | 127 | 123 | 148 | ||
| RR (95% CI) | |||||||
| Age adjusted* | 1.00 | 1.00 (0.79–1.27) | 0.95 (0.75–1.21) | 0.92 (0.72–1.17) | 1.10 (0.87–1.39) | 0.55 | |
| Multi-adjusted† | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.79–1.28) | 0.93 (0.73–1.19) | 0.90 (0.70–1.15) | 1.09 (0.86–1.37) | 0.68 | |
| Lutein and | |||||||
| Zeaxanthin | Median (mcg/d) | 1492 | 2291 | 3019 | 4245 | 6795 | |
| Case # | 137 | 123 | 123 | 148 | 138 | ||
| RR (95% CI) | |||||||
| Age adjusted* | 1.00 | 0.87 (0.68–1.11) | 0.85 (0.67–1.09) | 1.01 (0.80–1.27) | 0.92 (0.73–1.17) | 0.99 | |
| Multi-adjusted† | 1.00 | 0.88 (0.69–1.12) | 0.88 (0.68–1.12) | 1.01 (0.80–1.28) | 0.93 (0.73–1.18) | 0.99 | |
*
Adjusted for age and follow-up period
†
Adjusted for total energy (continuous), smoking [never(reference), past, current], oral contraceptive use [never (reference), < 3 years, 3–5 years, > 5 years], postmenopausal hormone use [premenopausal, postmenopausal never(reference), past, current E only, current E+P], age at menopause [pre/unknown menopause, <45 yr, 45–46 yr, 47–48 yr (reference), 49–50 yr, 51–52 yr, 53+ yr] parity [nulliparous (reference), 1–2 & age at last birth<30, 1–2 & age at last birth>=30, 3–4 & age at last birth<30, 3–4 & age at last birth>=30, 5+], age at menarche [< 12, 12 (reference), > 12], hypertension (yes, no), diabetes (yes, no), BMI (continuous).